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The reliable way to automate WordPress with Puppet is to treat the site as a desired state: declare the operating-system packages, PHP runtime, database, web server, document root, configuration, WP-CLI, and service state, then guard the one-time installation commands. A good module can be applied repeatedly without downloading WordPress again, replacing an existing database, or exposing administrator credentials.

This guide builds that design from the module contract through packaging. It uses WP-CLI for the application workflow and leaves clear boundaries for components that may be managed by companion modules.

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Start with a supported, explicit baseline

Before writing manifests, choose the platform that the module will converge. WordPress.org currently asks hosts to support PHP 8.3 or greater, MariaDB 10.11 or greater or MySQL 8.0 or greater, HTTPS, and either Apache or NGINX. These are compatibility requirements, not guarantees that every plugin will behave identically. Test the exact PHP extensions, database character set, web-server integration, and plugin set used by your site.

Component Baseline to enforce Implementation implication
PHP 8.3 or greater Pin the package stream or repository used by the target operating system and install the extensions required by WordPress and your plugins.
Database MariaDB 10.11 or greater, or MySQL 8.0 or greater Declare the server, database, account, grants, character set, and host explicitly if this module owns them.
Transport HTTPS support Provision certificates and redirect policy in the web-server layer; do not assume a plain HTTP virtual host is production-ready.
Web server Apache or NGINX Choose the server whose package, virtual-host, and PHP-FPM conventions match your platform and operations team.

Older combinations such as PHP 7.4 or MySQL 5.5.5 and later may still run some WordPress releases, but they are end-of-life and can leave the site exposed to known vulnerabilities. Do not encode an obsolete stack merely because it happens to work on an existing host.

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Define the module contract before writing resources

A module becomes reusable when its assumptions are parameters rather than hidden literals. Decide first which resources it owns and which are supplied by other modules or by the surrounding Puppet profile.

Choose an ownership boundary

A single module can manage the entire stack, but that couples WordPress upgrades to operating-system, database, and web-server changes. A composable design usually has a WordPress application class plus companion classes for the account, archive utility, database, and Apache or NGINX. The existing adullact/wordpress module illustrates this boundary: it does not create the system account, install PHP, create the database or user, or configure the virtual host. Those prerequisites must exist before the WordPress class is declared.

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Whichever boundary you choose, document it in the README and enforce it with require relationships or class containment. A module that silently creates some prerequisites but assumes others is difficult to operate safely.

Expose typed parameters

At minimum, expose typed values for:

  • site_url, site_title, and locale.
  • docroot, owner, and group.
  • The PHP and operating-system package versions your platform supports.
  • Database host, name, user, and a sensitive password.
  • Administrator user, email address, and a sensitive administrator password.
  • The WordPress version, WP-CLI source, and checksum policy.
  • Whether the module manages the database, web server, TLS certificate, and service.

Use Puppet data types such as String, Boolean, Integer, Enum, and Sensitive[String]. Validate URLs, usernames, and paths early so a bad value fails during catalog compilation instead of halfway through an installation.

Use the normal Puppet module layout

Keep one class or defined type per manifest file and separate static files from rendered configuration. A practical layout is:

wordpress_install/
├── manifests/
│   ├── init.pp
│   ├── params.pp
│   ├── prerequisites.pp
│   ├── wp_cli.pp
│   ├── database.pp
│   ├── config.pp
│   └── install.pp
├── templates/
│   ├── wp-config.php.epp
│   └── vhost.conf.epp
├── files/
├── metadata.json
├── README.md
└── .pmtignore

Files in files/ are copied unchanged. Templates in templates/ are rendered with template() or epp() and supplied to a file resource. Keep generated virtual-host and PHP-FPM configuration in templates so the same class can render different paths or settings per operating system.

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Example entry point

class wordpress_install(
  String $site_url,
  String $site_title,
  String $docroot,
  String $owner,
  String $group,
  String $db_host,
  String $db_name,
  String $db_user,
  Sensitive[String] $db_password,
  String $admin_user,
  String $admin_email,
  Sensitive[String] $admin_password,
  String $locale = 'en_US',
  String $wp_version = 'latest',
  String $wp_cli_source,
  String $wp_cli_checksum,
  Boolean $manage_database = false,
  Boolean $manage_web_server = false,
) {
  class { 'wordpress_install::prerequisites':
    docroot => $docroot,
    owner   => $owner,
    group   => $group,
  }

  class { 'wordpress_install::wp_cli':
    source   => $wp_cli_source,
    checksum => $wp_cli_checksum,
  }

  class { 'wordpress_install::database':
    manage  => $manage_database,
    host    => $db_host,
    name    => $db_name,
    user    => $db_user,
    password => $db_password,
  }

  class { 'wordpress_install::config':
    docroot  => $docroot,
    owner    => $owner,
    group    => $group,
    db_host  => $db_host,
    db_name  => $db_name,
    db_user  => $db_user,
    db_password => $db_password,
  }

  class { 'wordpress_install::install':
    docroot        => $docroot,
    site_url       => $site_url,
    site_title     => $site_title,
    locale         => $locale,
    wp_version     => $wp_version,
    admin_user     => $admin_user,
    admin_email    => $admin_email,
    admin_password => $admin_password,
  }
}

The example is intentionally explicit. In a production profile, you may pass these values from Hiera or a secret backend rather than from a site manifest.

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Compose prerequisites in a separate class

The prerequisite class should create the document root, install PHP and the extensions your application needs, ensure the service account exists, and install archive utilities used by WP-CLI. Keep package names and service names as parameters or operating-system-specific data; Debian-family and Red Hat-family systems rarely use identical names.

class wordpress_install::prerequisites(
  String $docroot,
  String $owner,
  String $group,
  Array[String] $php_packages = [
    'php', 'php-cli', 'php-curl', 'php-gd', 'php-mbstring',
    'php-mysql', 'php-xml', 'php-zip'
  ],
) {
  package { $php_packages:
    ensure => installed,
  }

  package { ['curl', 'unzip']:
    ensure => installed,
  }

  file { $docroot:
    ensure => directory,
    owner  => $owner,
    group  => $group,
    mode   => '0755',
  }
}

Do not rely on a package named php alone if the selected distribution splits extensions into separate packages. Verify that the installed interpreter meets the baseline and that the PHP SAPI used by Apache or PHP-FPM is the same version tested by the command-line php used by WP-CLI.

Install WP-CLI reproducibly

WP-CLI requires PHP 7.2.24 or later. Its recommended installation method is to download the Phar build, optionally verify its signature or checksum, mark it executable, and place it on PATH. For configuration management, pin a known WP-CLI release and checksum. Downloading a moving target during every Puppet run weakens repeatability and makes an unexpected upstream change part of a routine convergence.

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class wordpress_install::wp_cli(
  String $source,
  String $checksum,
) {
  file { '/usr/local/bin/wp':
    ensure    => file,
    mode      => '0755',
    source    => $source,
    checksum  => $checksum,
    show_diff => false,
  }
}

When the source is remote, use a controlled artifact repository or a deployment process that verifies the Phar before Puppet distributes it. Keep the checksum in code or data under review. A checksum protects against an altered download; it does not replace review of the version itself.

Automate the four WP-CLI stages

The official installation workflow has four application stages: download WordPress, generate configuration, create the database, and run wp core install. Puppet should declare these in that order and make each one converge only when its desired state is absent.

1. Download the WordPress files

wp core download accepts an explicit path, locale, and version. Guard it with a file that is created by a successful download, such as wp-includes/version.php. A pinned version makes the catalog deterministic; a deliberate latest policy trades that determinism for faster patch adoption and must be tested accordingly.

exec { 'wp core download':
  command => "wp core download --path=${docroot} --locale=${locale} --version=${wp_version}",
  creates => "${docroot}/wp-includes/version.php",
  cwd     => $docroot,
  require => [File[$docroot], File['/usr/local/bin/wp']],
  user    => $owner,
  group   => $group,
}

If you permit upgrades, do not reuse the initial-download guard as an upgrade mechanism. Add a separately reviewed upgrade workflow using wp core update, backups, maintenance mode, and a tested rollback plan.

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2. Render wp-config.php

Render the configuration only after the WordPress files exist. Set the database name, user, host, table prefix, and authentication salts through a template. Keep the file owned by the web account or deployment account according to your server model and restrict its mode; a common starting point is 0640.

file { "${docroot}/wp-config.php":
  ensure    => file,
  owner     => $owner,
  group     => $group,
  mode      => '0640',
  content   => epp('wordpress_install/wp-config.php.epp', {
    'db_name'     => $db_name,
    'db_user'     => $db_user,
    'db_password' => $db_password,
    'db_host'     => $db_host,
  }),
  require   => Exec['wp core download'],
}

Use a secret backend or encrypted Hiera data for passwords and salts. Do not put a plaintext password in a manifest, Git repository, command argument, Puppet report, or process list. If your EPP template needs the clear value, unwrap the Sensitive value only inside the protected file-rendering operation and ensure reports do not show a diff.

<?php
$db_name     = '<%= $db_name %>';
$db_user     = '<%= $db_user %>';
$db_password = '<%= $db_password.unwrap %>';
$db_host     = '<%= $db_host %>';
$table_prefix = 'wp_';

Generate salts through a trusted secret-management process rather than regenerating them on every Puppet run. Changing salts logs users out and can invalidate sessions.

3. Create the database and account

If this module owns the database, create the database, account, grants, character set, and collation with a database provider such as the MySQL provider used by your environment. If a DBA or a separate database module owns them, express the dependency instead of attempting to recreate the objects.

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class wordpress_install::database(
  Boolean $manage,
  String $host,
  String $name,
  String $user,
  Sensitive[String] $password,
) {
  if $manage {
    mysql::db { $name:
      user     => $user,
      password => $password,
      host     => $host,
      grant    => ['ALL'],
    }
  }
}

Adapt the resource to the database module and provider installed in your control repository. Do not assume that a remote database accepts connections from the web host; verify network policy, TLS requirements, DNS, and firewall rules before invoking WP-CLI.

4. Run wp core install once

wp core install creates the WordPress tables and performs the standard installation using the URL, title, locale, and administrator details. It is a one-time operation, so guard it with both a state check and a marker created only after success.

exec { 'wp core install':
  command => "/bin/sh -c 'wp core install --path=${docroot} --url=${site_url} --title=${site_title} --admin_user=${admin_user} --admin_email=${admin_email} --locale=${locale} --prompt=admin_password < /run/wordpress-admin-password && /usr/bin/touch ${docroot}/.wordpress-installed'",
  creates => "${docroot}/.wordpress-installed",
  unless  => "wp core is-installed --path=${docroot}",
  cwd     => $docroot,
  user    => $owner,
  group   => $group,
  require => [File["${docroot}/wp-config.php"], Mysql::Db[$db_name]],
}

The password file in this example must be created with mode 0600, owned by the account that runs WP-CLI, and removed immediately after a successful or failed attempt. The documented WP-CLI pattern of redirecting password input from a file avoids putting the administrator password directly in Bash history. Do not place database credentials or administrator credentials in command-line arguments where process listings or Puppet reports can expose them.

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If your WP-CLI release or wrapper does not support the exact prompt syntax shown, use an equivalent protected-file or secret-backend mechanism. The important properties are that the secret is not a command argument and that the install command remains guarded.

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Make repeated Puppet runs safe

Puppet converges resources toward a desired state; it does not know that an arbitrary shell command is safe to repeat. Every one-time command therefore needs an observable postcondition and an ordering relationship.

Use guards for one-time actions

  • Use creates for a file that cannot exist before successful completion.
  • Use onlyif when a command should run only while a test command succeeds.
  • Use unless when a query such as wp core is-installed proves the desired state already exists.
  • Never use a marker that is created before the command succeeds; a failed install would then look complete on the next run.

Order resources explicitly

The document root must exist before the download, the WP-CLI binary before any WP-CLI command, the database and configuration before wp core install, and the web service after its configuration. Use require, before, subscribe, or chained arrows where they make the relationship clear. Avoid broad class-level ordering that hides which resource actually depends on which.

File['/usr/local/bin/wp']
  -> Exec['wp core download']
  -> File["${docroot}/wp-config.php"]
  -> Exec['wp core install']
  ~> Service[$web_service]

Notify the web service only when a virtual-host, PHP, or WordPress configuration resource changes. Restarting the service on every agent run creates avoidable connection churn and can interrupt traffic.

Manage ownership and permissions as state

Declare directory ownership, file modes, and service enablement. A manual chown performed during bootstrap is not a substitute for a Puppet resource: the next drift or replacement host will lose that setting. Keep writable directories narrowly scoped; WordPress should not need the entire document root to be writable by the web account.

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Choose the web server and database boundary deliberately

Decision Option A Option B How to choose
Web server Apache NGINX Use the server whose operating-system packages, virtual-host conventions, PHP integration, and team expertise are already standardized. WordPress treats both as robust choices.
Database MariaDB MySQL Use the supported version already operated by your platform and select the provider and backup tooling your database team maintains.
Module ownership One module owns the complete stack Composable modules own account, web server, database, and application separately Choose a single owner for each resource. Composition usually limits blast radius and follows established Forge module boundaries.
WordPress source Pinned release and checksum Latest release at convergence Pinning improves repeatability; latest improves patch currency but introduces change during a normal Puppet run.
Deployment Puppet agent/server with a control repository puppet apply on a standalone host Use the workflow that can version module dependencies and data. Code-managed environments generally install through a Puppetfile and r10k-style process rather than ad hoc commands.

Do not let both a profile and the WordPress module manage the same virtual host, database grant, or service. Duplicate ownership causes catalog conflicts and makes a harmless parameter change appear destructive.

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Keep secrets out of manifests, reports, and processes

There are three independent secret exposures to control:

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  1. Source control: store passwords and salts in encrypted Hiera data or a supported secret backend, not in init.pp, templates committed as plain text, or example manifests containing real values.
  2. Process inspection: avoid --admin_password and database passwords in command strings. Use protected files, prompt input, or a secret-aware wrapper.
  3. Puppet reporting: mark sensitive values as Sensitive, disable diffs for secret-bearing files, and check report and debug settings before enabling verbose logging.

Use separate credentials for the WordPress administrator and the database account. Grant the database account only the privileges required by the site, and rotate it through the same secret-management workflow that updates wp-config.php.

Package the module so it can be delivered safely

metadata.json is required for Forge publication and should state the module name, version, operating-system support, Puppet compatibility, and dependency constraints. Declare dependencies for any Apache, NGINX, account, archive, database, or repository module that your manifests actually call.

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Use .pmtignore or .pdkignore to exclude tests, build output, logs, editor files, local credentials, and other development-only content. Puppet publishing guidance also warns that symlinks are unsupported and can make a module build fail; replace them with real files before packaging.

{
  "name": "yourname-wordpress_install",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "author": "Your organization",
  "license": "Apache-2.0",
  "summary": "Automates an idempotent WordPress installation",
  "dependencies": []
}

Use the dependency workflow that matches your environment. A small standalone host can install a module and its dependencies with puppet module install. A control-repository deployment should pin versions in a Puppetfile and resolve them through the repository’s normal deployment process. Do not mix an unpinned manual install into an otherwise locked environment.

Validate the module before production

Compile and lint

  • Compile a catalog with representative values for both supported operating-system families.
  • Run Puppet syntax and lint checks, including template parsing.
  • Confirm that all referenced classes, providers, service names, and file paths exist on the target platform.
  • Check that sensitive values are redacted from reports and that file diffs are disabled where necessary.

Test convergence

  1. Apply the catalog to a clean host and confirm package, account, directory, database, configuration, WP-CLI, and web-service state.
  2. Run Puppet a second time. The download and core-install commands should be skipped, with no unexpected file replacement or service restart.
  3. Change a harmless parameter such as the site title and confirm that only the intended resource changes.
  4. Delete the state marker while leaving a working database and run Puppet again. The wp core is-installed guard should prevent a destructive reinstall.
  5. Interrupt an installation before the marker is created, fix the cause, and verify that a later run completes the operation.

Exercise failure paths

  • If wp core download fails, inspect network access, the checksum, PHP CLI compatibility, and write permissions on the document root.
  • If configuration renders but installation cannot connect, verify database DNS, firewall rules, TLS settings, credentials, grants, and the host value in wp-config.php.
  • If the site displays a PHP error, compare the PHP-FPM or Apache module version with the CLI version used by WP-CLI and check that required extensions are installed for both.
  • If Puppet repeats an install, inspect the guard command, marker ownership, working directory, and whether the marker was created by a command that could succeed partially.
  • If the web server serves downloads instead of executing PHP, fix the PHP handler before retrying the WordPress install; the application should not be exposed while the handler is misconfigured.

Example deployment sequence

A profile that owns the complete stack can expose one site declaration while keeping implementation classes separate:

class profile::wordpress_site {
  class { 'wordpress_install':
    site_url        => 'https://www.example.test',
    site_title      => 'Example site',
    docroot         => '/var/www/example',
    owner           => 'www-data',
    group           => 'www-data',
    db_host         => '127.0.0.1',
    db_name         => 'example_wp',
    db_user         => 'example_wp',
    db_password     => Sensitive($facts['secret_example_db']),
    admin_user      => 'siteadmin',
    admin_email     => 'admin@example.test',
    admin_password  => Sensitive($facts['secret_example_admin']),
    locale          => 'en_US',
    wp_version      => '6.x.y',
    wp_cli_source   => 'puppet:///modules/profile/wp-cli.phar',
    wp_cli_checksum => 'SHA256:replace-with-reviewed-checksum',
  }
}

Replace the illustrative secret lookups and version with values supplied by your actual data and release process. The important design is that the profile declares intent while the module handles ordering, guards, permissions, and templates.

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Production readiness checklist

  • The selected PHP, database, HTTPS, and web-server stack meets the current WordPress baseline.
  • Every resource has one clear owner and every prerequisite is declared or documented.
  • WP-CLI is installed from a reviewed, checksum-verified artifact and is available to the account running the commands.
  • WordPress download, configuration, database creation, and core installation are ordered explicitly.
  • One-time commands use creates, onlyif, or unless guards.
  • Administrator and database passwords are sensitive values and never appear in command arguments or reports.
  • Configuration files, directories, ownership, modes, and service state are Puppet resources.
  • The second Puppet run is a no-op except for required drift correction.
  • Metadata, dependency constraints, ignore files, tests, and symlink checks pass before publication.
  • Backups, TLS renewal, WordPress upgrades, plugin updates, and rollback are addressed as separate operational workflows rather than hidden inside the initial installer.

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