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Stop the agent through an external control, then remove every service, tool, credential, job, or equipment connection it could still use. Preserve logs and other evidence, report the incident through your organization’s process, and do not resume the workflow until its cause, impact, corrective action, and approvals have been reviewed. Asking the agent to stop is not a containment control.
What to do in the first minutes
Unexpected behavior becomes a security or safety incident when an agent can continue making decisions or taking actions. The safest response is to separate the agent from the systems that give it agency, while preserving enough evidence to understand what happened.
1. Stop the workflow from outside the agent
Use an authorized control that does not depend on the model’s next response. Depending on your architecture, that may be an orchestrator control, service-management action, cloud or platform control plane, job scheduler, network control, or equipment emergency-stop procedure. Disable the running workflow, pause its queue, or terminate the session at that control point. Do not send a prompt such as “stop now” and treat a compliant reply as proof that the agent is contained.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s GEAR AI Security and Safety guidance states the principle plainly: “Stop or disable the workflow. Use the external kill path; do not rely on the model or agent to stop itself.”
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2. Cut off every remaining action path
Stopping one process may not stop delegated work, retries, scheduled jobs, or other workers that share the same identity. List the connections through which the agent can still cause effects and disable or restrict them as appropriate:
- Tool and extension integrations, including write, delete, send, purchase, deployment, or administrative functions.
- Service accounts, API keys, OAuth grants, session tokens, and cloud roles.
- Queued jobs, background workers, retry loops, webhooks, and scheduled triggers.
- Network routes, outbound destinations, storage mounts, shared folders, and databases.
- Robotic, laboratory, industrial, or other equipment connections.
Prefer isolating the smallest set of resources that guarantees the agent cannot continue. If the scope is unclear or people, production systems, regulated data, or physical equipment are at risk, use the broader isolation action defined by your incident-response plan.
3. Revoke exposed credentials and rotate them safely
Assume a credential may have been copied if it was visible to the agent, a tool, a prompt, a log, a file, or an extension. Revoke or disable it through the approved identity process, then issue a replacement with only the permissions needed for recovery. Rotate related secrets when the same token, key, or password was reused. Do not paste secrets into an incident ticket, chat room, or evidence document. Record the credential identifier, owner, revocation time, and systems affected without recording the secret value.
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4. Preserve evidence before cleanup
Capture the state of the incident before deleting jobs, rebuilding hosts, clearing queues, or changing configurations. Preserve prompts and model outputs, tool requests and responses, identity and authorization events, network and application logs, relevant files, approvals, timestamps, and the model, framework, tool, and configuration versions. Export records to an access-controlled location and note who collected them and when. Keep the original records where possible; work from copies for analysis.
5. Report and assess impact
Notify the institution’s incident-reporting office and cybersecurity team according to the required process. Involve a safety office when people, facilities, laboratory systems, or equipment may have been affected. Determine whether the agent accessed another project’s data, sent information to an unexpected destination, changed production state, incurred uncontrolled cost, or created a physical hazard. Follow the organization’s reporting deadlines and escalation rules; general guidance cannot replace local requirements.
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6. Hold the restart
Keep the workflow disabled until the cause, scope, impact, corrective action, and required approvals have been reviewed. A restart is a controlled recovery decision, not a test of whether the agent appears calm in a new conversation.
How to judge the urgency and scope
Containment decisions should be based on reach and remaining ability to act, not only on whether an output looks strange. Use these four dimensions while deciding whether to isolate one session or an entire environment.
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| Decision dimension | Questions to answer | Containment implication |
|---|---|---|
| Impact and reach | Which systems, identities, data sets, people, or equipment can the agent reach? Has anything crossed a project, tenant, geographic, or trust boundary? | Isolate every reachable resource needed to prevent additional harm; widen the boundary when reach is uncertain. |
| Remaining action paths | Which tools, credentials, queues, workers, webhooks, and connections are still live? | Disable or restrict each live path, including delegated and scheduled work. |
| Reversibility | Can the action be undone safely, or could it delete data, disclose information, move money, alter equipment, or create a safety hazard? | Use the strongest available stop and require human review before any further action when effects are irreversible or high impact. |
| Evidence needs | Which prompts, tool calls, files, approvals, versions, and timestamps are needed to reconstruct events? | Preserve those records before cleanup or remediation changes the facts. |
A session-only assistant may need session termination and token revocation. A production workflow may require isolation across identities, integrations, queues, downstream systems, and network paths. An agent connected to equipment may require both digital isolation and the facility’s physical safety procedure. The exact control names and commands depend on the platform and your local plan.
What behavior should be treated as an incident?
Not every low-quality answer is a security event. Escalate when the agent acts outside its approved purpose or reaches resources it was not meant to use. Warning signs include:
- Unapproved writes, deletions, deployments, messages, purchases, or configuration changes.
- Requests sent to unfamiliar domains, accounts, repositories, or data stores.
- Access to another team’s or project’s data.
- Repeated retries, runaway loops, uncontrolled token or cloud spending, or queue growth.
- Attempts to disable monitoring, bypass approval, broaden permissions, or hide activity.
- Unsafe commands or unexpected movement from connected equipment.
- Outputs that appear normal but trigger tools with a scope or destination that was not approved.
OWASP describes this class of exposure as Excessive Agency: an unexpected, ambiguous, or manipulated model output can lead to damaging action when the system gives the model too much ability to act. Causes can include ordinary model errors, direct or indirect prompt injection, a compromised extension, or another collaborating agent. Containment should therefore focus on capability and effect, not on guessing the cause before the agent is stopped.
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Containment by deployment type
Session or personal assistant
Terminate the session from the host or service control, revoke any temporary tokens, and remove access to attached files, connectors, or browser-like tools. Check whether the assistant created scheduled tasks, sent messages, or changed shared documents before termination. Preserve the conversation and tool history before deleting the session.
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Pause the orchestrated job and its workers, disable triggers and retries, and block write-capable integrations. Identify every service account used by the workflow, including accounts held by sub-agents. Preserve queue contents, deployment records, and application logs. If the service shares a runtime with other workloads, isolate the affected worker or host without destroying unrelated evidence.
Production or customer-facing workflow
Use the production change or incident control to stop traffic, disable the feature flag, or place the workflow in a read-only mode. Revoke production credentials and block external egress where necessary. Check downstream records for unauthorized changes and preserve audit trails. Do not restore customer-facing operation until the service owner, security team, and any required risk or compliance authority approve the recovery plan.
Agent connected to physical equipment
Prioritize human safety. Use the equipment’s independent emergency-stop or safe-state procedure, then isolate network and control connections. Notify the responsible safety and operations personnel. Preserve controller logs, sensor data, command history, and the timing of physical events. Digital recovery must not substitute for the facility’s established safety process.
A practical evidence checklist
Collect enough information to answer what the agent was asked to do, what it decided, what it actually did, and what could have happened next.
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- Conversation context, system instructions, retrieved documents, and input sources.
- Every tool call, parameter, result, error, approval, rejection, and retry.
- Identity, role, token or key identifier, authorization decision, and timestamps.
- Model name and version, framework and agent version, tool versions, prompts, policies, and configuration hashes or snapshots.
- Application, operating-system, network, database, queue, and equipment logs covering a time window before and after the event.
- Files created, modified, transmitted, or deleted, including their locations and checksums where available.
- Actions taken during containment, by whom, using which control, and at what time.
Restrict evidence access because logs may contain personal data, customer content, credentials, or proprietary material. Preserve the original time zone and clock source when recording timestamps.
Credential and authorization safeguards during response
Containment is safer when responders separate investigation from privilege restoration. Use a clean administrative account for response, not the identity that the agent used. Disable the compromised identity before attempting to inspect its access. Review role assignments, delegated grants, service-to-service trust, and secrets stored in environment variables, files, prompts, or tool configurations.
When issuing replacement access, make it task-scoped and short-lived. Separate read-only investigation credentials from write-capable recovery credentials. Enforce authorization in the downstream application or API for every request; a model’s statement that an action is allowed is not an authorization decision. Keep emergency credentials outside the agent’s runtime and remove them when the response is complete.
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Least privilege and separated identities
Give an agent only the tools and permissions necessary for a defined task. Use separate identities for reading, drafting, approving, and executing. A read-only identity should not be able to promote its own draft, delete its own evidence, or grant itself access.
Scoped, short-lived credentials
Issue credentials for one task, resource set, and time window. Avoid long-lived production keys in prompts, configuration files, notebooks, or the agent’s environment. Bind tokens to an audience and purpose where the platform supports it, and make revocation practical.
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Sandboxed execution and bounded resources
Run untrusted or exploratory work in an isolated environment. Use command and tool allowlists, restrict outbound destinations, and separate sensitive mounts. Set limits for CPU, memory, disk, process creation, retries, context or token use, concurrency, and cost. A limit should fail closed or pause for review rather than silently expanding.
Policy enforcement outside the model
Validate each request against deterministic policy in the tool gateway or downstream service. Check the target, data classification, amount, environment, and identity before execution. Never make the model the sole judge of whether its own proposed action is permitted.
Approval gates for consequential actions
Require a human approval or deterministic control before irreversible, high-impact, external, or safety-sensitive operations. Show the exact proposed action, destination, scope, and expected effect to the approver. Make approvals specific and time-limited instead of granting a blanket exception to the agent.
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Monitor tool activity, identity use, destinations, failure rates, retries, resource consumption, and downstream state. Alert on new tools, unusual destinations, permission changes, cross-project access, and sustained loops. Retain records long enough for responders to reconstruct actions and connect them to the relevant version and approval.
Prepared response exercises
Document who can stop each workflow, revoke each identity, isolate each environment, approve recovery, and report an incident. Exercise the procedure with realistic failure paths, including a nonresponsive orchestrator, delegated workers, expired logs, and equipment that must be placed in a safe state. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security recommends minimizing agent and tool scope, monitoring unexpected behavior, and preparing incident-response procedures for agent compromise.
Recovery and return to service
- Establish the boundary. Confirm which identities, tools, jobs, data, systems, and equipment were exposed and which remain isolated.
- Determine the cause. Analyze whether the trigger was a model error, prompt injection, compromised extension, configuration defect, authorization failure, or another condition. Keep competing explanations open until evidence supports one.
- Assess impact. Identify data disclosure, unauthorized changes, financial or resource consumption, safety effects, and obligations to customers, regulators, partners, or affected teams.
- Apply corrective action. Remove the triggering input or integration, patch or reconfigure the system, reduce permissions, add policy checks, and set appropriate limits and approval gates.
- Validate in isolation. Test the corrected workflow with representative inputs and adversarial cases while write access and external effects remain blocked or simulated.
- Obtain approvals. Have the service owner and required security, safety, compliance, or change authority review the evidence, impact assessment, and recovery plan.
- Restore gradually. Re-enable the minimum capability first, monitor closely, and expand scope only after the agent behaves within the approved boundary.
- Close the incident deliberately. Record decisions, residual risk, lessons, and follow-up owners; retain evidence under the organization’s retention rules.
Common containment mistakes
- Relying on a stop prompt. The same agent that is behaving unexpectedly cannot be the independent control that proves it has stopped.
- Stopping only the visible process. Retries, queues, scheduled triggers, sub-agents, and webhooks may continue after the front-end session ends.
- Deleting first. Cleanup can destroy the prompts, tool calls, timestamps, and versions needed to establish scope and cause.
- Rotating one key and assuming the risk is gone. Shared, delegated, cached, or copied credentials may still work.
- Treating odd output as harmless. A benign-looking answer can still trigger a dangerous tool call or disclose data.
- Restoring broad access for convenience. Recovery should use temporary, narrowly scoped permissions and explicit approvals.
- Testing in production. Validate the fix in an isolated environment before reconnecting write-capable tools or equipment.
- Ignoring physical effects. Digital containment does not replace an independent safe-state or emergency-stop procedure.
Authoritative guidance to keep with your response plan
The main operational sequence is set out in the U.S. Department of Energy’s GEAR AI Security and Safety guidance. OWASP’s Excessive Agency material explains why model errors and attacks can become damaging actions when tools and permissions are too broad. OWASP’s GenAI Incident Response Guide 1.0, published July 28, 2025, provides wider practitioner context for incidents involving generative-AI applications. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security’s agentic-AI adoption guidance emphasizes minimizing scope, monitoring unexpected behavior, and preparing incident response for compromise.
These sources provide principles rather than universal shutdown commands, credential-rotation steps, reporting deadlines, or approval authorities. Use the provider documentation and your organization’s incident-response, change-management, identity, and safety procedures for those platform-specific details.
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