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To connect an application to MongoDB Atlas without sending database traffic over the public internet, first establish private cloud networking, then use the connection string that matches it. Choose VPC/VNet peering when you need routed connectivity between your network and Atlas. Choose a private endpoint when you want a one-way interface connection controlled from your own cloud network. In both cases, DNS, routes, Atlas network-access rules and the cluster’s tier must be configured before the client can connect.
The exact hostname and port behavior depends on the cloud provider, region, DNS configuration and Atlas cluster tier. The workflow below covers AWS, Azure and Google Cloud patterns while calling out the differences that commonly cause connection failures.
What a private MongoDB connection changes
A private connection keeps the client-to-Atlas path on private addresses inside connected cloud networks. The database is still reached through an Atlas hostname and authenticated with the credentials and settings your application normally uses; what changes is how that hostname resolves and how packets are routed.
Atlas documents two broad models:
- VPC or VNet peering: your cloud network and the Atlas network exchange routes. The result is routed, private connectivity between the two networks.
- Private endpoint: your VPC or VNet exposes an interface endpoint that connects to Atlas. The connection is initiated from your network; Atlas cannot initiate a reciprocal connection into your VPC.
Both models still require Atlas network access controls. A private route is not a substitute for an access-list entry or an equivalent security-group rule.
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Peering or private endpoint: which model fits?
| Decision point | VPC/VNet peering | Private endpoint |
|---|---|---|
| Network model | Routed connectivity between the customer network and the Atlas network. | One-way interface connectivity from the customer VPC/VNet to Atlas. |
| What you configure | Peering relationship, non-overlapping CIDRs, route tables, DNS and Atlas access rules. | Provider interface endpoint, Atlas private-endpoint configuration, private DNS and access rules. |
| Client URI | The standard Atlas connection string in supported peered-network conditions. | A private-endpoint-aware connection string generated by Atlas. |
| Best fit | You control both networks and want direct private routing between them. | You want an interface-endpoint control plane and do not want a reciprocal Atlas-to-VPC path. |
| Common design concern | Overlapping address ranges prevent peering or make routing ambiguous. | DNS and endpoint-port handling must follow the provider and Atlas configuration. |
Do not treat the two options as interchangeable connection-string choices. Peering normally lets the application use the regular Atlas URI after routing and DNS are correct. A private endpoint requires the endpoint-aware URI because the hostname and port mapping are tied to the interface endpoint.
Requirements to check before changing the network
Cluster tier and region eligibility
Free M0 and Flex clusters do not support VPC or VNet peering. Private endpoints require an M10 or higher cluster. Confirm the cluster’s cloud provider and region support the private-connectivity method you intend to use before creating cloud resources.
Non-overlapping address ranges
For peering, the Atlas CIDR must not overlap the application VPC or VNet, nor another peering connection. Compare every relevant CIDR, including shared-services, transit and on-premises ranges that may be advertised into the cloud network. An overlap can block creation or produce an ambiguous route even when the peering status appears active.
DNS capability
The client must be able to resolve Atlas hostnames using the private path. Enable cloud DNS hostnames and DNS resolution where the provider requires those settings. A resolver running outside the peered VPC/VNet may return public addresses even though the private configuration itself is correct.
Routes and access controls
Peering needs a route-table entry whose destination is the Atlas CIDR and whose target is the peering connection. Atlas network access must also allow the application CIDR or the relevant security group. A private endpoint needs the provider endpoint’s network placement, security rules and private DNS association, plus the corresponding Atlas access configuration.
Operational limits
| Limit | Qualification |
|---|---|
| Peering support | M0 and Flex clusters are excluded. |
| Private endpoint support | M10 or higher is required. |
| AWS PrivateLink ports | MongoDB documents commonly using ports beginning at 1024 and potentially extending through 65535; do not assume one permanent port. |
| AWS PrivateLink addressable targets | Atlas documents up to 50 addressable targets per AWS PrivateLink region. |
| Project peering connections | Atlas documents up to 50 peering connections per project. |
These are configuration limits, not performance guarantees. Check the current provider and Atlas limits when designing a large multi-region or multi-account deployment.
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How to connect with VPC or VNet peering
1. Confirm the topology and eligibility
Record the application VPC or VNet CIDR, the Atlas network CIDR, the cloud account or subscription that owns each side, and every Atlas region containing nodes your application must reach. Verify that the cluster is not M0 or Flex and that the selected region supports peering.
2. Enable cloud DNS settings
In the application VPC or VNet, enable the provider’s DNS hostnames and DNS resolution options where required. Ensure instances use a resolver that can answer Atlas private names. If your organization forwards DNS to on-premises resolvers, those resolvers must be able to reach the cloud resolver path rather than sending the query to a public resolver.
3. Create the peering relationship
In Atlas, open the project’s network-connectivity or peering area and start a peering connection for the selected cloud provider and region. Supply the application network identifier, cloud account or subscription details and an Atlas private CIDR that does not overlap any connected network. The provider may require an acceptance step by the owner of the other network; complete that step before testing routes.
4. Add the Atlas route
In every application subnet route table that will host MongoDB clients, add the Atlas CIDR as the destination and the peering connection as the target. Add equivalent routes to return traffic when your cloud design uses separate route tables for different subnets. If traffic crosses a transit gateway, firewall or virtual appliance, include the corresponding route and inspection policy there as well.
5. Permit the application in Atlas
Add the application CIDR or the approved security group to Atlas network access. Keep the rule as narrow as your topology permits; a private address does not make unrestricted access safe. If several application subnets use different ranges, include each required range rather than opening an entire corporate address space.
6. Wait for an active state and test from inside the network
Wait until Atlas and the cloud provider show the peering connection as active. Test from a workload attached to the peered VPC or VNet, not from a laptop or an unrelated network. Atlas states that, after peering is configured, the application automatically uses the peered VPC network when it connects with the supported standard string.
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7. Deploy the standard Atlas URI
Copy the standard connection string from the Atlas connection dialog and store it in the application’s secret-management system. Do not manually replace hostnames with IP addresses. Atlas hostnames identify replica-set members and allow topology changes without a code deployment.
How to connect with a private endpoint
1. Verify the cluster tier and endpoint region
Private endpoints require M10 or higher. Create the provider interface endpoint in the same region as the Atlas cluster or as otherwise required by the provider’s regional design. A client in another region may need additional private connectivity rather than relying on a single endpoint.
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In the cloud provider console, create an interface endpoint in the client VPC or VNet. Select the Atlas service offered for the target region, attach the endpoint to the subnets where clients can reach it, and apply a security group or network policy that permits only the required application sources and endpoint ports. Keep the endpoint’s private DNS option enabled when the provider offers it and when it is compatible with your organization’s DNS design.
3. Complete the endpoint connection in Atlas
Return to the Atlas project and add or approve the private endpoint using the endpoint identifier supplied by the cloud provider. Atlas associates the endpoint with the cluster or project and exposes the endpoint-specific hostnames needed by clients. Wait for the endpoint state to become usable before changing production secrets.
4. Make private DNS reachable
From the application subnets, resolve the private-endpoint-aware hostname through the interface endpoint’s private DNS records. If you use a central DNS service, associate the endpoint’s private zone with every VPC, VNet or resolver that must connect. A successful endpoint resource with a resolver that still queries public DNS is a common source of false failures.
5. Use the generated private-endpoint URI
Copy the private-endpoint-aware connection string from Atlas. MongoDB strongly recommends the DNS seedlist form because AWS PrivateLink port assignments can change. Keep the hostname and port values exactly as generated; do not hard-code a port from an earlier endpoint configuration.
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6. Configure every region used by the cluster
For a multi-region Atlas deployment, provision private connectivity for each region that contains nodes your application may contact. Configure the corresponding regional DNS records, routes and endpoint policies. A client may connect successfully while a regional failover later fails if only the original region has private connectivity.
Connection strings, DNS and ports
Peering uses the standard Atlas string
After peering, routing and DNS are correct, use the standard connection string shown by Atlas. The driver resolves the Atlas hostnames and reaches the replica-set members through the peered routes. The string should remain unchanged when you add or replace nodes.
Private endpoints use an endpoint-aware string
A private endpoint changes both name resolution and the network destination. Use the private-endpoint-aware string that Atlas generates rather than copying the public string and hoping DNS will redirect it. The DNS seedlist form is preferred for AWS PrivateLink because the service can assign different ports over time.
Do not replace names with fixed IP addresses
Replica sets can change members, and cloud endpoint addresses can be recreated. IP-based edits bypass the discovery behavior built into MongoDB drivers and create a maintenance problem during failover or scaling. Preserve the Atlas-provided hostnames in the secret that the driver reads.
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Allow the documented port range
For AWS PrivateLink, MongoDB notes that ports can begin at 1024 and extend through 65535. Permit the endpoint’s required port range in the endpoint security group, network ACL and any intervening firewall instead of assuming a single permanent database port. Apply the narrower range shown for your current endpoint when the provider exposes it, and be prepared to update rules if the endpoint mapping changes.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Validate the path before blaming the driver
Run checks from the same subnet, security context and DNS view as the application. Testing from a developer workstation can produce a public address and tell you nothing about the private route.
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- Check the resolver: set an environment variable to the hostname copied from the Atlas URI, then run
dig +short "$ATLAS_HOST"or the equivalent resolver tool. A private setup should return the private endpoint or private network addresses visible from that VPC/VNet. A public answer from a machine outside the private network is expected. - Check the route: inspect the subnet route table and confirm the Atlas CIDR points to the peering target, or confirm that the endpoint’s interface addresses are reachable through the local VPC/VNet routes.
- Check TCP reachability: set
ATLAS_PORTto the port shown in the generated URI and runnc -vz "$ATLAS_HOST" "$ATLAS_PORT". A timeout usually indicates routing or firewall policy; an immediate refusal points to an incorrect destination or port. - Check the driver: connect with the complete Atlas URI using the application’s normal driver or shell. Do not remove replica-set, TLS or authentication options merely to make a test shorter; a successful TCP probe alone does not prove that the MongoDB handshake will succeed.
- Check failover behavior: for multi-region deployments, repeat DNS and connection tests from each client region and verify that the driver can discover all permitted members.
Troubleshoot the most common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| Atlas hostname resolves to a public IP | VPC DNS hostnames or DNS resolution is disabled; the resolver is outside the private network; or the client is not in the peered VPC/VNet. | Enable the required DNS options, test from an attached workload and verify private-zone association for an endpoint. |
| Peering cannot be created | The Atlas CIDR overlaps the application network or another peering connection. | Choose a non-overlapping Atlas CIDR and review all connected and advertised ranges before retrying. |
| DNS works but the connection times out | The Atlas CIDR route is missing, the endpoint security group blocks traffic, or a firewall or network ACL drops the port. | Confirm the route target, endpoint policy and every hop between the client subnet and Atlas. |
| Network connection reaches Atlas but access is denied | Atlas network access does not include the application CIDR or security group. | Add the narrowly scoped application source to Atlas access rules, then retest. |
| PrivateLink worked and later stopped | A port was hard-coded even though the endpoint mapping changed. | Use the current private-endpoint-aware DNS seedlist URI and allow the required endpoint port range. |
| One region works while another fails | Private connectivity, DNS or routes were configured for only one Atlas region. | Provision and validate the private path for every region containing nodes the driver may select. |
| Connection works from an instance but not from a container | The container uses a different DNS resolver, subnet route table or security group. | Compare the container’s resolver and source security identity with the working instance and add only the missing network permissions. |
Security and operating practices
Keep private access least-privileged
Use separate Atlas access rules for application subnets or security groups where practical. A peering connection can route more than one service, so limit cloud security groups, network ACLs and firewall policies to the databases and ports the application actually needs.
Keep credentials and URIs out of code
Store the Atlas URI and credentials in a secret manager or equivalent protected configuration store. Rotate credentials without changing routes or endpoint resources, and ensure logs do not print the full URI.
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Plan for topology changes
Drivers discover replica-set members through DNS seedlists and topology metadata. Using Atlas-generated hostnames instead of fixed IP addresses lets the application tolerate node replacement and regional changes without a redeploy.
Document ownership and dependencies
Record which team owns the Atlas project, VPC or VNet, route tables, DNS zones, endpoint security groups and firewall rules. Peering and private endpoints often cross account or subscription boundaries; an undocumented acceptance or DNS-association step can delay incident response.
Review limits as the design grows
Large projects can approach the documented 50 peering-connections-per-project or 50-addressable-targets-per-AWS-PrivateLink-region limits. Count connections and regional targets before adding environments, and revisit the design if a shared-services network or hub-and-spoke topology is replacing direct links.
Choosing the final design
Use peering when your organization can allocate non-overlapping address space, manage routes on both sides and wants direct private routing. Use a private endpoint when a one-way interface connection, endpoint-level security controls or separation between your network and the Atlas network is more important than reciprocal routing. Whichever model you choose, the reliable sequence is the same: verify tier and region support, build the cloud network, make private DNS work, add routes and access rules, copy the matching Atlas URI, and test from the actual application network.
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