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Put temporary changes on the command line with ssh -o Option=value host. For settings you use repeatedly, create a profile in ~/.ssh/config and connect with a short alias. This example assigns a hostname, account, non-default port, and private key:
Host work-server
HostName server.example.com
User alice
Port 2222
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_work
IdentitiesOnly yesAfter saving the file, run ssh work-server. The sections below explain how OpenSSH chooses options, how to add aliases and defaults, how to route through jump hosts, how to configure forwarding, and how to diagnose a profile that does not behave as expected.
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A command-line option is best when you are testing a value, using a setting only once, or working on a machine where you do not want to edit configuration files. The syntax is the same keyword-and-value form used in the configuration file:
ssh -o Port=2222 -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_work alice@server.example.comEvery option supplied with -o applies to that invocation. A profile in ~/.ssh/config is better for a connection you make repeatedly because the alias stores the hostname, account, port, identity, proxy, and forwarding choices in one place. You can still override a saved value for a single connection with a command-line option.
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| Method | When to use it | Typical form |
|---|---|---|
| Command line | Temporary test or exceptional connection | ssh -o Port=2222 host |
| User configuration | Reusable aliases and personal defaults | ~/.ssh/config |
| System configuration | Defaults managed for all users on a machine | /etc/ssh/ssh_config |
Understand where OpenSSH reads settings
OpenSSH reads configuration in this order: command-line options, the per-user file ~/.ssh/config, then the system-wide file /etc/ssh/ssh_config. The OpenBSD ssh_config(5) manual (2024) states: “Unless noted otherwise, for each parameter, the first obtained value will be used.” This rule is the reason block order matters.
The user file is for your aliases and personal choices. The system file supplies defaults when your user file has not already supplied a value; changing it generally requires administrator access and affects other users. Keep private keys and the user configuration protected from other accounts. OpenSSH requires the user configuration file to have strict permissions and not be writable by others; apply the same caution to private identity files.
Configuration entries are keyword–argument pairs. Keywords are case-insensitive, while values are case-sensitive. Quote an argument when it contains spaces. A line beginning with # is a comment.
Build a reusable alias
1. Create the file and set its permissions
- Create the directory if it does not exist:
mkdir -p ~/.ssh. - Create or edit the file:
~/.ssh/config. - On a Unix-like system, restrict the file to your account with
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/config. Restrict private keys similarly, for examplechmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_work.
2. Add a host block
Host starts a conditional block. The name after it is normally an alias that you type after ssh; it does not have to be the server’s DNS name.
Host work-server
HostName server.example.com
User alice
Port 2222
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_work
IdentitiesOnly yesHostName is the real DNS name or IP address. User selects the remote account. Port selects the SSH listener; the documented default is 22. IdentityFile points to a private key, and IdentitiesOnly yes tells the client to use identities configured in files or on the command line rather than every key an authentication agent offers.
3. Connect and verify
Use the alias exactly as written: ssh work-server. The alias is only a local label; the server sees the values supplied by the resulting connection.
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Use patterns for groups and defaults
A Host pattern can match several names. Wildcards let you define a common baseline, while a negated pattern excludes a name. Put specific blocks before broad defaults because the first value obtained for each parameter remains in effect.
Host prod-*
User deploy
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_prod
IdentitiesOnly yes
Host *
ServerAliveInterval 60
ServerAliveCountMax 3
Host prod-legacy
Port 2200In this example, the prod-* block must precede Host * for its identity and user values to win. If prod-legacy needs a different port, place that specific block before any earlier block that already supplies the same parameter. A wildcard default is useful for values such as keepalive behavior, but avoid putting connection-specific identities or ports there unless every matching host truly shares them.
Patterns support wildcards and negation. For example, Host * !bastion applies to every alias except bastion. The name matched is the name you type on the command line, unless canonicalization causes another parsing pass.
Apply conditional settings with Match
Use Match when a setting depends on more than a host pattern. OpenSSH can test conditions including host, originalhost, user, localuser, canonical, final, exec, and localnetwork.
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Host work-server
HostName server.example.com
User alice
Match host work-server localuser alice
ServerAliveInterval 30A Match section continues until another Host or Match declaration. Keep conditions narrow and document why they exist; an unexpected match can be harder to diagnose than a simple host block.
CanonicalizeHostname can make OpenSSH process configuration again using the canonical name. That second pass may select settings that did not match the original alias, so account for it when a profile appears to change after name canonicalization.
Split a large configuration with Include
Include loads additional files. Wildcard paths are expanded and processed lexically, so filename order can affect which value is obtained first.
Include ~/.ssh/config.d/*.confUse separate files for teams, environments, or generated snippets, but keep names and ordering predictable. A broad default loaded before a specific file can capture a parameter before the specific block gets a chance to set it. Review included files whenever an alias behaves differently from the text visible in ~/.ssh/config.
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ProxyJump for a bastion
ProxyJump makes OpenSSH connect to a bastion first and then establish forwarding to the final destination. Multiple jump hosts are comma-separated. A jump specification can include its own account and port.
Host internal-db
HostName db.internal.example.com
User analyst
ProxyJump jumpuser@bastion.example.com:2200The destination host’s configuration is not generally applied to the jump host. If the bastion needs a different key, account, or port, give it an explicit block:
Host bastion
HostName bastion.example.com
User jumpuser
Port 2200
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_bastion
IdentitiesOnly yes
Host internal-db
HostName db.internal.example.com
User analyst
ProxyJump bastionProxyCommand for lower-level proxying
ProxyCommand runs a command that must provide a connection to the target. The manual gives this netcat-style example:
Host web-through-proxy
HostName web.example.com
ProxyCommand /usr/bin/nc -X connect -x 192.0.2.0:8080 %h %pProxyJump and ProxyCommand compete. Whichever is specified first prevents a later instance of the other from taking effect, so do not put both in overlapping blocks unless you deliberately control their order. Use ProxyJump for a normal SSH bastion; reserve ProxyCommand for a program or network proxy that requires a custom command.
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Configure local and remote forwarding
LocalForward
LocalForward listens on a local TCP port or Unix socket and sends traffic through the encrypted connection to a destination reachable from the remote side.
Host internal-web
HostName bastion.example.com
User alice
LocalForward 8080 app.internal.example.com:80With that profile active, a program connected to local port 8080 reaches app.internal.example.com from the remote network’s point of view. Choose an unused local port and remember that the forwarded service is available only while the SSH session remains open.
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RemoteForward
RemoteForward creates a listener on the remote side that forwards back to the local side. When no fixed destination is supplied, it can act as a SOCKS proxy.
Host return-channel
HostName server.example.com
User alice
RemoteForward 9000 localhost:9000Forwarding exposes network paths beyond the shell itself. Limit listeners to the address and port required by the application, and confirm that server-side SSH policy permits the requested forwarding.
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Run a command after connecting
RemoteCommand runs a command on the remote machine after authentication succeeds. It is useful for a profile intended to launch a fixed administrative or monitoring action rather than an interactive shell.
Host app-status
HostName app.example.com
User observer
RemoteCommand systemctl --no-pager status app.serviceBecause the remote command replaces the normal interactive shell behavior, create a separate alias when you also need ordinary login access.
Use tokens safely
OpenSSH expands tokens in directives that support them. Common tokens are:
| Token | Meaning | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
%h |
Remote hostname | Proxy command target |
%p |
Remote port | Proxy command destination port |
%r |
Remote username | Commands that need the account name |
%n |
Original hostname supplied by the user | Preserve the typed alias before canonicalization |
%d |
Local home directory | Portable paths under the home directory |
%C |
Hash of connection fields | Distinct control or socket paths |
%j |
The ProxyJump value |
Commands that need the selected jump chain |
ProxyCommand and ProxyJump accept only the token set documented for those directives. Some directives construct shell commands, so quote values and treat shell metacharacters as your responsibility. Do not insert untrusted hostnames or user-controlled text into a command without understanding how the local shell will interpret it.
Preserve host-key verification
Connection customization does not change the importance of server identity checks. StrictHostKeyChecking ask is the default: a new key prompts for confirmation, while a previously known key is checked automatically. StrictHostKeyChecking yes requires you to add new host keys manually and refuses changed keys. accept-new adds new keys automatically but still rejects changed keys.
A changed-key warning can indicate a rebuilt server, a DNS or routing mistake, or an active interception attempt. Do not weaken host-key checking merely to silence the warning. Verify the server’s fingerprint through a trusted channel, remove or update the obsolete entry only after verification, and then reconnect.
Inspect the effective configuration
Use ssh -G
Run ssh -G alias to print the effective configuration that OpenSSH would use for an alias. This reveals the final hostname, user, port, identity list, proxy setting, and forwarding values after files, patterns, includes, and command-line processing are considered. Availability depends on the installed OpenSSH client version.
Increase diagnostic detail with ssh -vvv
Run ssh -vvv alias when the connection still fails. The three debug levels show option parsing, name resolution, key selection, proxy setup, authentication, and host-key decisions. Stop reading once the log identifies the first incorrect decision; later messages often describe consequences rather than the cause.
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Check matching and ordering
- Confirm that the alias typed after
sshactually matches the intendedHostpattern. - Check whether
CanonicalizeHostnamecauses a second matching pass. - Move a host-specific declaration above a broad
Host *block when the broad block has already supplied the same parameter. - Review every file loaded by
Include, including lexical filename order.
Check files, keys, and network endpoints
- Verify permissions on
~/.ssh/configand each private key. - Confirm that
IdentityFilenames the intended private key and that the corresponding public key is authorized on the server. - Confirm the resolved hostname and port with
ssh -G; a correct key cannot help if the client reaches the wrong endpoint. - For a bastion, test the jump host as its own alias and give it an explicit block when its account, port, or key differs from the destination.
- For forwarding, check that the local or remote listener port is unused and that the SSH server permits forwarding.
Reason about precedence with concrete overrides
Precedence is evaluated per parameter, not as an all-or-nothing choice for an entire block. A broad block may provide a keepalive value while a later matching block still supplies a parameter that the broad block left unset. However, once a matching declaration supplies a particular parameter, a later declaration for that same parameter does not replace it. This is why the OpenBSD manual’s “first obtained value” rule matters for every option independently.
Command-line values are the highest-level override. For example, if an alias normally uses port 2222, ssh -o Port=2200 work-server changes the port for that invocation without editing the file. The same approach is useful for testing a replacement identity or temporarily disabling an option, but record temporary exceptions so they do not become unexplained shell history entries.
Ordering also applies across included files. If 00-defaults.conf sets an identity for Host * and 90-work.conf tries to set a different identity for work-server, the earlier matching declaration can win. Rename or reorder files so specific declarations are encountered first, then confirm the result with ssh -G work-server.
Multiple IdentityFile lines are allowed and are tried in sequence. Use that deliberately when more than one key is valid, but use IdentitiesOnly yes when an agent contains unrelated keys and deterministic selection matters. An agent offering many identities can otherwise make authentication failures look like a bad username or an unreachable server.
Organize profiles for maintenance and portability
Keep aliases descriptive enough that their routing and purpose are obvious: names such as prod-api, bastion, and database-tunnel communicate more than a raw address. Put comments beside unusual ports, forwarding listeners, or proxy chains so a later edit does not accidentally merge a tunnel profile with an interactive-login profile.
Use Include when separate files make ownership clearer, but treat the lexical order of wildcard matches as part of the configuration. A generated file, a team-maintained file, and a personal override should have predictable names. Before moving a profile to another workstation, check that the referenced private-key paths exist and that the installed OpenSSH client supports every directive you rely on; ssh -G itself is not available in every client version.
Keep destination and intermediary settings separate. A destination’s User or IdentityFile is not automatically the right setting for a bastion, and a jump host may listen on a different port. Giving each intermediary its own Host block makes the chain testable one hop at a time and avoids hiding credentials in a long command line.
Choose forwarding deliberately
Local forwarding is usually the right direction when an application on your workstation must reach a service visible from a remote network. Remote forwarding is the reverse: a process on the remote side reaches a service on your workstation through a listener created remotely. A remote forward with no fixed destination can provide a SOCKS proxy, so treat it as a broad network capability rather than a narrowly scoped port map.
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Configuration patterns you can adapt
Separate production and development identities
Host dev-*
User developer
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_dev
IdentitiesOnly yes
Host prod-*
User deploy
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_prod
IdentitiesOnly yesThe wildcard groups keep an agent with many loaded keys from offering the wrong identity to a server. Add host-specific HostName and Port lines inside individual aliases when environments do not share DNS or SSH endpoints.
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Use a multi-hop route
Host private-api
HostName api.private.example.com
User apiadmin
ProxyJump ops@edge.example.com,relay@core.example.comThe comma-separated chain connects through the edge host and then the core host before reaching the private API. Define separate blocks if either intermediary needs a non-default port or identity.
Keep a persistent local tunnel
Host database-tunnel
HostName bastion.example.com
User tunnel
LocalForward 15432 database.internal.example.com:5432Point your local database client at port 15432 while the SSH session is running. Use a dedicated alias so the tunnel’s purpose is obvious and does not alter your normal bastion login profile.
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- Need a single temporary change? Use
-o Option=value. - Need a short name for a long destination? Create a
Hostalias withHostName. - Need a different login account? Set
User. - Need a non-default listener? Set
Port. - Need deterministic key selection? Set
IdentityFileand usuallyIdentitiesOnly yes. - Need a bastion route? Prefer
ProxyJump; useProxyCommandfor a command-based proxy. - Need application access through the SSH channel? Choose
LocalForwardorRemoteForwardand verify server policy. - Need different behavior by host, user, or local condition? Use
Match. - Need to organize many profiles? Use
Includeand predictable filenames. - Unsure what OpenSSH selected? Inspect with
ssh -G, then trace withssh -vvv.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I set a custom SSH port for one connection?
Pass the port directly with ssh -o Port=2222 host. For repeated use, put Port 2222 in the matching Host block in ~/.ssh/config.
How do I save a short SSH alias?
Create a block such as Host work-server with HostName, User, and any required port or key. Then run ssh work-server. The alias is local; it does not change the server’s hostname.
Why is my specific host setting ignored?
OpenSSH uses the first obtained value for each parameter. Move the specific block above an earlier matching Host * block, and inspect included files because wildcard includes are processed lexically.
How can I force SSH to use one private key?
Set IdentityFile to the intended private key and add IdentitiesOnly yes. This prevents unrelated identities offered by an authentication agent from being used.
Should I use ProxyJump or ProxyCommand?
Use ProxyJump for a normal bastion, including comma-separated multi-hop routes. Use ProxyCommand when a custom program, such as a netcat-style proxy, must provide the connection. Do not let overlapping blocks specify both unintentionally.
How do I configure SSH port forwarding?
Use LocalForward when a local listener should reach a destination from the remote network. Use RemoteForward when a remote listener should reach the local side; without a fixed destination it can provide a SOCKS proxy. Ensure the listener port is unused and forwarding is allowed by the server.
What should I do after a host-key warning?
Do not disable host-key checking merely to continue. Verify the server fingerprint through a trusted channel, determine whether the host was rebuilt or the route is wrong, update the known key only after verification, and reconnect.
How do I see which options SSH will actually use?
Run ssh -G alias to print the effective configuration, then ssh -vvv alias for detailed parsing, proxy, authentication, and host-key diagnostics. The -G option depends on the installed OpenSSH client version.
The Bottom Line
Use ssh -o for a temporary override and ~/.ssh/config for reusable profiles. Put specific blocks before broad defaults, choose ProxyJump for bastions, use forwarding only with a clear scope, and verify the effective result with ssh -G and ssh -vvv while preserving host-key checks.
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