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Use collectd’s read plugins to collect host statistics and its write_graphite plugin to send them to Carbon, Graphite’s ingestion service. The configuration below samples every 10 seconds, collects CPU, load, memory, filesystem, disk and network-interface data, and places the resulting series under a stable collectd namespace.
Interval 10
Hostname "app01"
LoadPlugin cpu
LoadPlugin load
LoadPlugin memory
LoadPlugin df
LoadPlugin disk
LoadPlugin interface
LoadPlugin write_graphite
<Plugin df>
ValuesPercentage true
ReportByDevice false
</Plugin>
<Plugin write_graphite>
<Node "graphite">
Host "graphite.example.org"
Port "2003"
Protocol "tcp"
Prefix "collectd"
LogSendErrors true
</Node>
</Plugin>Save the file, test its syntax, exercise the read callbacks, start collectd, and verify that Carbon is listening and Graphite is creating series. Treat naming options as part of your data model: changing them later can create a second set of paths instead of renaming existing data.
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collectd is a long-running daemon whose configuration defines a pipeline. Read plugins obtain measurements from the operating system; write plugins persist or transmit those measurements. In this setup, the read side gathers host statistics and write_graphite sends Graphite’s line-protocol records to Carbon over the network.
Carbon receives each line, parses its metric path, timestamp and value, and stores the series for Graphite’s dashboards and functions. collectd does not draw charts itself, and Graphite does not discover host metrics without an input such as collectd. Both sides therefore need compatible settings: collectd must resolve and reach the Carbon endpoint, while Carbon must have a listener on the selected protocol and port.
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Before you edit the configuration
- Install a collectd package that includes the read plugins you intend to use and the
write_graphiteplugin. Distributions split plugins differently, so confirm package contents for the target operating system. - Know the absolute path used by your service manager. A common path is
/etc/collectd/collectd.conf, but packaged layouts vary. - Obtain the Carbon hostname or IP address, its listening protocol, and its port. The documented default port for
write_graphiteis TCP or UDP port2003, but your deployment may use another listener. - Choose a canonical hostname for the machine. If collectd is allowed to derive hostnames differently on different machines, the same server can appear as multiple branches in Graphite.
- Decide whether filesystem values should be reported by device or as an aggregate. The example uses percentages and suppresses per-device reporting to keep the initial tree compact.
Build the minimal configuration
Sampling and identity
Interval 10 asks collectd to schedule read callbacks every 10 seconds. A shorter interval increases resolution and traffic; a longer interval reduces collection overhead but makes short-lived events harder to see. Hostname "app01" fixes the identity used in emitted series. Use the same naming convention across hosts and do not casually change it after dashboards and retention rules are in place.
Load the collectors
Each LoadPlugin line makes a collector available. The example loads:
cpufor CPU state counters such as user, system and idle time.loadfor operating-system load averages.memoryfor memory usage values.dffor filesystem capacity and free-space reporting.diskfor block-device I/O statistics where the operating system exposes them.interfacefor network-interface traffic and related counters.write_graphiteto transmit collected values to Carbon.
A plugin being named in the configuration does not guarantee that it is installed. If collectd rejects a plugin at startup, install the matching package or remove that line until the required module is available.
Configure filesystem reporting
The df block sets ValuesPercentage true, so filesystem capacity is represented as percentages rather than only raw blocks. ReportByDevice false avoids a separate series for every underlying device and instead reports the filesystem view. This is a practical default for a first dashboard; switch to per-device reporting when you need to identify which device backs a full mount.
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Configure the Graphite writer
The write_graphite block can contain one or more Node sections. The node name, "graphite" in the example, is a local label and is not the DNS name used for the connection. Host is the Carbon endpoint, Port is its listener, and Protocol selects TCP or UDP. Prefix "collectd" gives all emitted paths a predictable namespace. LogSendErrors true requests logging when values cannot be sent.
Directive reference
| Directive | Purpose | Operational consideration |
|---|---|---|
Interval |
Sets the read and write cycle in seconds. | All hosts in a comparison should use an intentional, documented interval. |
Hostname |
Sets the host identity used in metric names. | Keep it stable; a change creates a new branch of series. |
LoadPlugin |
Loads a read or write module. | Verify that the distribution package actually ships the module. |
ValuesPercentage |
Requests percentage values from the filesystem collector. | Useful for capacity alerts; retain raw values only when they answer a specific question. |
ReportByDevice |
Controls whether filesystem values are split by device. | Per-device detail increases series count and may be needed for storage troubleshooting. |
Host and Port |
Identify the Carbon destination. | The endpoint must resolve and accept the selected protocol. |
Protocol |
Selects TCP or UDP for the writer. | It must match the listener; choosing UDP when only TCP is open produces no ingestion. |
Prefix |
Adds a namespace before emitted paths. | Use a namespace that will not collide with application metrics. |
LogSendErrors |
Logs send failures. | Keep it enabled while commissioning and when diagnosing gaps. |
Choose the metrics that answer a monitoring question
CPU and load
CPU state counters show how processor time is divided, while load averages indicate runnable or waiting work as reported by the operating system. Plot them together: a high load value with substantial idle CPU can point to I/O or other waits rather than processor exhaustion. The exact state names and available fields depend on the operating system and collectd build.
Memory
The memory plugin supplies host memory measurements. Define alert rules around the fields your platform exposes and keep the interpretation consistent; “free” memory alone is not equivalent to memory available to applications on every operating system.
Filesystems
Filesystem percentage values are convenient for capacity dashboards and threshold alerts. Excluding transient mounts or selecting only application-bearing filesystems is usually preferable once the basic pipeline works, because virtual and temporary mounts can add noise.
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Disk I/O
The disk plugin observes block-device activity where supported. Use it to correlate application latency with reads, writes or device activity. Device naming can differ after reboots or virtualization changes, so avoid treating an ephemeral device name as a permanent business identifier.
Network interfaces
The interface plugin reports traffic counters for interfaces exposed by the host. Decide whether to retain loopback, virtual bridges and container interfaces; collecting everything is useful for diagnosis but can inflate the number of series.
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Swap, process, sensor and application-specific plugins can be added after the core pipeline is reliable. Each additional collector increases configuration surface and metric cardinality. Add one only when you can name the dashboard, alert or investigation it will support.
Understand metric names before creating dashboards
Graphite stores hierarchical paths. collectd combines the configured prefix, host identity, plugin name, type and any instance components into those paths. The precise spelling depends on writer options and the values supplied by each plugin, so inspect an actual emitted line rather than assuming a path from a tutorial.
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Prefix and hostname escaping
The prefix provides a stable top-level namespace such as collectd. Hostname escaping controls how characters that are meaningful in a Graphite path are represented. If two hosts can produce names that escape to the same value, they can collide. Establish an escaping policy before enrolling many machines.
ReverseHost and instance separators
ReverseHost can reorder dotted hostnames for environments that organize the tree by domain components. SeparateInstances and related separator settings affect where plugin instances appear. These are naming choices, not cosmetic formatting: changing them after ingestion creates new series while old data remains under the previous paths.
Tags
With UseTags true, the writer emits tagged series instead of relying solely on hierarchical path segments. Tagged series require a Graphite version and storage path that support tags. Confirm that your dashboards, functions and retention configuration understand tagged data before enabling the option. Test in a separate namespace first and compare one emitted line with the query syntax used by your Graphite installation.
TCP or UDP: select the transport deliberately
| Choice | Characteristics | Use when |
|---|---|---|
| TCP | Connection-oriented delivery with connection errors visible to the sender. | You want explicit connectivity failures and the Carbon listener supports TCP. |
| UDP | Datagrams avoid connection setup but do not provide the same delivery guarantees. | Your ingestion design accepts possible packet loss and Carbon is configured for UDP. |
Do not infer the protocol from the port number alone. Confirm the listener configuration, firewall rules and network policy. A successful DNS lookup does not prove that Carbon is accepting traffic.
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Deploy the configuration safely
- Copy the configuration to the path used by your collectd service and preserve a backup of the last known-good file.
- Replace
graphite.example.orgwith the actual Carbon endpoint, verify the port, and setProtocolto the listener’s transport. - Choose a hostname and prefix that match existing dashboards. If this is a new host, decide the final naming scheme before data accumulates.
- Run the parser test:
collectd -t -C /etc/collectd/collectd.conf. Substitute the real configuration path. This checks whether collectd can parse and load the file. - Run the callback test:
collectd -T -C /etc/collectd/collectd.conf. It invokes read callbacks once, which helps reveal missing plugins or unsupported collectors without waiting for the daemon’s normal schedule. - Start or reload collectd through the operating system’s service manager. Use the manager’s status and log commands to confirm that the daemon remains running.
- Watch collectd logs for name-resolution failures, connection refusals, authentication or send-queue errors.
- On the Graphite side, confirm that Carbon is listening on the configured host and port, then search under the selected prefix and hostname for newly arriving series.
The two test modes are complementary: parsing can succeed even when a collector cannot produce values, while a callback test can expose a missing kernel interface or plugin at collection time.
Verify ingestion at each boundary
At the collectd boundary
Successful startup proves only that the daemon accepted its configuration. Use the callback test and logs to establish that the read plugins are active. If a plugin is absent, the error usually identifies the module that must be installed or removed.
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Check DNS resolution for the configured Carbon host, firewall policy and routing. For TCP, verify that a connection can be established to the selected port. For UDP, verify that the network and Carbon listener permit datagrams; a sender cannot reliably confirm receipt from UDP alone.
At the Carbon boundary
Inspect Carbon’s listener and logs. A listener on a different port or protocol will not receive the records even when collectd is healthy. If Carbon receives data but Graphite searches remain empty, inspect the path, timestamp handling and storage configuration on the Graphite side.
Troubleshoot common failures
No data appears
- Confirm that
LoadPlugin write_graphiteis present and that the package includes the module. - Check that the
Hostvalue resolves from the collectd machine. - Verify Carbon’s listener address, port and protocol against the
Nodeblock. - Read collectd and Carbon logs for connection, DNS and queue errors.
- Search using the configured prefix and exact hostname; looking under an older namespace can make healthy data appear absent.
Paths are not what the dashboard expects
Compare one emitted metric line with the dashboard’s query. Review Prefix, hostname escaping, ReverseHost, instance separators and tag mode. Make one naming change at a time in a non-production namespace, because each change can create a parallel set of series.
A metric family is missing
Check that the corresponding read plugin is installed and loaded. Run collectd -T and inspect its output and logs. Filesystem, disk and interface visibility can also be limited by containers, permissions or the host kernel; validate what the operating system exposes before changing Graphite settings.
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A slow writer can cause collectd’s write queue to grow indefinitely by default. Investigate Carbon latency, network congestion and destination availability. Configure queue high- and low-water limits appropriate to the machine’s role, especially on servers, so backlog behavior is bounded and observable. Queue limits cannot repair a permanently unavailable Carbon endpoint; they define what collectd does while the endpoint is slow or unreachable.
Quick Recap
Operate the pipeline without creating avoidable debt
- Keep a version-controlled copy of the configuration and document the chosen prefix, hostname convention, interval and transport.
- Roll out naming changes as migrations. Create and validate a new namespace, update dashboards, and retain the old paths until their retention period expires rather than silently mixing conventions.
- Monitor collectd’s own logs and queue health in addition to host metrics. A dashboard showing zero can mean a quiet host, a broken collector or an ingestion outage.
- Use a shorter interval only when the resulting resolution is needed. Every additional sample increases network traffic, Carbon work and stored points.
- Start with the core plugin set, then add swap, processes, sensors or application collectors individually so a new failure is easy to isolate.
Configuration choices at a glance
| Decision | Option A | Option B | How to decide |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metric coverage | Core host plugins: CPU, load, memory, filesystem, disk and interface | Core set plus swap, processes, sensors or application plugins | Choose the smallest set that answers current alerts and investigations. |
| Transport | TCP | UDP | Match Carbon’s listener and your tolerance for connection overhead or packet loss. |
| Naming | Hierarchical paths | Tagged series with UseTags true |
Match the Graphite version, storage behavior and dashboard query model already in use. |
| Filesystem detail | Aggregate view with ReportByDevice false |
Per-device reporting | Use aggregate capacity for simple dashboards; use device detail for storage diagnosis. |
| Failure handling | Default queue behavior | Configured high/low queue limits | Set limits on servers where an unavailable writer must not consume unbounded memory. |
| Validation | Parser test only | Parser plus callback, service, listener and Graphite checks | Use the full sequence for production changes; syntax alone does not prove ingestion. |
Production readiness checklist
- All required collectd modules are installed on the target operating system.
- The interval and hostname are intentional and documented.
- Carbon’s host, port and protocol match the writer configuration.
- The prefix and naming options fit existing Graphite paths.
collectd -tpasses with the production configuration path.collectd -Texercises the required read callbacks successfully.- The service starts or reloads cleanly and remains running.
- Carbon logs show receipt, and Graphite contains fresh series under the expected namespace.
- Queue behavior and send errors are monitored, with limits set where backlog risk matters.
- Dashboards and alerts query the final path and tag model rather than a temporary test namespace.
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