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Use SSH unless your network or policy requires HTTPS. On the Linux server, create or install a key for the account that will own the checkout, add the public key to the GitLab user or project, verify access, then run git clone in the destination directory:
git clone git@gitlab.com:GROUP/PROJECT.gitFor a server or deployment job that needs only one project, a read-only project deploy key is usually the narrowest permission boundary. For interactive administration, attach a user SSH key to your GitLab account. If SSH is blocked, use HTTPS with a narrowly scoped token and enter the token at the password prompt rather than putting it in the URL.
What cloning a private GitLab project does
git clone creates a working copy of a GitLab project on the server. It downloads the project files, commit history, and Git metadata, then records the GitLab repository as the origin remote so later fetch, pull, and push operations know where to connect. A private project requires GitLab to authenticate the connection before it sends the repository.
The commands below use gitlab.com and the example path GROUP/PROJECT.git. For a self-managed GitLab installation, replace the host and path with the clone URL shown by that project’s Code menu. Run the commands as the Linux account that should own and update the checkout; cloning as root and later running the application as another account commonly creates ownership and credential problems.
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Choose SSH or HTTPS before you start
| Method | Best fit | Credential boundary | Unattended use | Main risk or limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| User SSH key | A human administrator or developer working on several projects | The GitLab user account and every project that account can access | Works when the key is available to the account, but an interactive passphrase or agent may need additional setup | Compromise of the key can expose all projects allowed to that user |
| Project deploy key | One server, service, or deployment job that needs one project | A specific project; GitLab can make it read-only or read-write | Well suited to automation when the private key is protected on the server | Access depends on the project’s deploy-key lifecycle; revoking or changing ownership can stop the job |
| HTTPS with a token | Networks that block SSH or policies that require token authentication | The scopes and lifetime of a personal, project, group, or deploy token | Works with a credential manager or controlled secret injection | Tokens can leak through URLs, shell history, Git configuration, proxy logs, or application logs if handled carelessly |
GitLab identifies SSH as its recommended authentication method. A deploy key is generally the clearest choice when a machine needs access to exactly one repository and does not represent a person.
Check the Linux server first
Confirm Git and the SSH client
GitLab notes that the OpenSSH client is normally pre-installed on GNU/Linux, but verify both tools before configuring credentials:
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ssh -VIf either command is missing, install the distribution’s Git and OpenSSH client packages using your normal package-management and change-control process. Do not generate keys in a temporary shell or as a different account and then expect the service account to find them.
Choose a destination and owner
Move to the parent directory where the checkout should live, or create it with ownership assigned to the service account:
sudo install -d -o deploy -g deploy -m 0755 /srv/apps
sudo -iu deploy
cd /srv/appsReplace deploy and /srv/apps with your real account and path. If the parent directory already exists, check its permissions before cloning. The account must be able to create the new project directory and later read the files needed by the application.
Recommended method: clone over SSH
1. Generate a dedicated key for this server and purpose
As the account that will run Git, create the key in that account’s home directory. An Ed25519 key is a practical default; your organization may require another algorithm or naming convention.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "server-repo" -f ~/.ssh/gitlab_repoThe command creates the private key at ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo and the public key at ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo.pub. Enter a strong passphrase when a person can unlock the key through an approved SSH agent. For a non-interactive deployment job, do not remove protection casually: decide how the job will obtain the passphrase or use an organizationally approved secret-management and key-protection design. A key without a passphrase is easier to automate but increases the impact of a stolen file.
Never copy the private key into a repository, ticket, image, or chat transcript. Only the contents of the .pub file are intended to be uploaded to GitLab.
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2. Register the public key in the right place
Display the public key and copy the complete single line, including its key type and comment:
cat ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo.pubYou have two ownership choices:
- User key: Add the line to the GitLab account’s SSH keys page (profile settings, then the access or SSH keys section; labels can vary slightly by GitLab edition). This lets the server act with that user’s project permissions.
- Project deploy key: Open the project’s Settings → Repository → Deploy keys page, add the public key, and enable it for the project. Choose read-only access unless the server genuinely must push changes. GitLab describes deploy keys as access from an external host and supports read-only and read-write permissions.
Use a deploy key for a single-project service whenever possible. A user key is more convenient for a person who needs the same identity across multiple projects, but its access follows the user’s broader permissions. Record who owns each key, which server uses it, and how it will be revoked or rotated.
3. Protect the private key and SSH directory
SSH rejects or weakens the use of keys that other local users can read. Set restrictive permissions and verify ownership:
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo
chmod 644 ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo.pub
chown -R "$(id -un):$(id -gn)" ~/.ssh
ls -ld ~/.ssh
ls -l ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo*The private key should be readable only by the account that runs Git. If the key belongs to a service account, do not place it in an administrator’s home directory and point automation at it with broad permissions.
4. Make key selection deterministic
If the account has one SSH key, Git may select it automatically. Servers often accumulate several keys, however, and an SSH agent can offer the wrong identity first. A host alias makes the choice explicit:
cat >> ~/.ssh/config <<'EOF'
Host gitlab-repo
HostName gitlab.com
User git
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo
IdentitiesOnly yes
EOF
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/configWith that alias, the clone URL becomes:
git clone git@gitlab-repo:GROUP/PROJECT.gitThe alias is local to this Linux account. It does not change the project’s GitLab URL or grant any additional permission.
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For a single checkout, GitLab also documents a per-repository configuration that avoids changing global SSH behavior:
git config core.sshCommand "ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo -F /dev/null"Run that command inside an existing repository after it has been initialized or cloned. When cloning the first time, supply the same options through the GIT_SSH_COMMAND environment variable:
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo -F /dev/null' git clone git@gitlab.com:GROUP/PROJECT.gitIdentitiesOnly=yes tells SSH to use the specified identity instead of offering unrelated keys from an agent. -F /dev/null deliberately ignores the account’s normal SSH configuration; omit it if your organization requires shared host settings or a bastion.
5. Verify the host and authentication
Test the exact identity before cloning:
ssh -T -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo git@gitlab.comOn the first connection, SSH may ask whether you trust the server host key. Verify the fingerprint through your organization’s trusted GitLab administration channel before accepting it. A successful test normally returns GitLab’s authenticated greeting or an equivalent message stating that shell access is not provided; that is still evidence that key authentication succeeded.
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If you used the alias, test it instead:
ssh -T git@gitlab-repoDo not treat a successful connection test as proof that the key can read every project. The key still must be attached to the specific project or to a user who has permission to that project.
6. Copy the project’s SSH URL and clone it
In the GitLab project, select Code → Clone with SSH and copy the displayed URL. A typical GitLab.com URL is:
git clone git@gitlab.com:GROUP/PROJECT.gitRun it from the intended parent directory. To choose a different local directory name, append it:
git clone git@gitlab.com:GROUP/PROJECT.git appGit creates the destination directory unless it already exists as a suitable empty directory. It checks out the project’s default branch and records the remote as origin. Optional flags such as --branch BRANCH or --depth 1 can reduce the initial checkout for a specific deployment, but a shallow clone does not contain the complete history and may not suit tools that inspect older commits.
7. Verify the checkout and remote
Change into the directory and inspect the result:
cd PROJECT
git remote -v
git status
git branch --show-current
git log -1 --onelinegit remote -v should show the SSH URL (or your SSH alias URL) for fetch and push. git status should report a clean working tree immediately after a normal clone. If the application needs a particular branch, tag, submodule, or generated file, validate that requirement before declaring the server ready.
Use HTTPS when SSH is unavailable
1. Create the least-privileged token
GitLab supports personal, project, group, and deploy tokens for HTTPS cloning. Select the token type that matches the ownership boundary and grant only the repository-read permission required. A deploy token must include the read_repository scope to clone. Set an expiry date where policy permits and document the owner and rotation procedure.
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For a human account, create a personal access token in the account’s access-token settings. For a project-scoped machine credential, use the project’s deploy-token settings. The exact labels and available fine-grained permissions depend on the GitLab edition and administrator policy; choose the permission explicitly described as allowing repository download or read access.
2. Clone without putting the token in the URL
Run the HTTPS clone command with no username or token embedded:
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git clone https://gitlab.com/GROUP/PROJECT.gitAt the prompts, enter a non-empty username and use the token as the password. GitLab’s personal-token guidance allows any non-empty username; the token is the secret supplied in the password field. For a deploy token, use the deploy-token username issued by GitLab and the token value as its password.
Do not use a command such as git clone https://user:TOKEN@gitlab.com/GROUP/PROJECT.git. The token can remain in shell history, process listings, the repository’s .git/config, proxy logs, or application-server logs. It can also be exposed when diagnostic output records the full command.
3. Decide how Git will remember the credential
For an interactive administrator, use the organization-approved Git credential manager or enter the token when prompted. A credential helper may store a secret in a protected operating-system keychain, an encrypted store, or a plaintext file, depending on its configuration; confirm that the chosen storage meets your policy before enabling it.
For automation, inject the token through the approved secret-management mechanism and arrange for Git to receive it without writing it into the remote URL or a persistent repository configuration. Test the job under the same service account that will run in production. If the token must be replaced, update the secret source and restart or reload the job according to its deployment process.
Exact SSH-versus-HTTPS decision points
- Interactive work: choose a user SSH key when an administrator needs normal project access. HTTPS is reasonable when the administrator’s network cannot reach the SSH endpoint.
- One repository on one server: choose a project deploy key, normally read-only. It keeps the permission boundary at the project instead of inheriting a person’s entire account access.
- Several repositories or centralized automation: define a service-account lifecycle, inventory every repository, and decide whether one identity or separate per-project credentials are safer. GitLab warns that deploy-key ownership and revocation affect continued access.
- Blocked SSH: use HTTPS with the smallest token scope and a controlled credential store. A token is not safer merely because it is typed into a password prompt; its exposure and rotation still need to be managed.
- Separate credentials per checkout: SSH aliases, explicit identity files, or separate deploy keys make repository-specific access straightforward. HTTPS can also be separated with distinct tokens, but ensure the credential helper does not silently reuse the wrong account.
Common failures and precise fixes
Permission denied (publickey)
- Confirm that the remote is the intended project and uses the expected host and path. Copy the URL again from Code → Clone with SSH rather than retyping the group name.
- Check which Linux account is running Git with
id. The key in one user’s home directory is not automatically available to another user or to a system service. - Run the test with the explicit identity:
ssh -vT -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/gitlab_repo git@gitlab.com. The verbose output shows which key SSH offers; do not paste private key contents into a support ticket. - Verify that the complete public-key line was added to the intended GitLab user or project deploy-key page and that a deploy key is enabled for this project.
- Check
~/.ssh, the private key, and the SSH configuration permissions and ownership. Correct them withchmodandchownas the owning account or administrator. - If several keys or an SSH agent are present, use the host alias or
IdentitiesOnly=yesconfiguration so the correct key is selected.
HTTP Basic: Access denied
- Check that the token has not expired, been revoked, or been disabled by policy.
- Use a non-empty username and enter the token as the password. For a deploy token, use the issued deploy-token username rather than the GitLab project name.
- Confirm the token has repository-read permission. A token that can perform unrelated API actions may still lack permission to download Git data.
- On an instance with fine-grained token controls, select the specific repository-download permission required by that instance.
- Remove stale credentials from the configured credential helper if Git is silently retrying an old token. Then retry interactively and store the replacement only in an approved location.
The clone works manually but fails in automation
- Automation often runs as a different user with a different home directory. Print the effective user and use absolute paths for the key and SSH configuration.
- Set
IdentitiesOnly=yesand the intendedIdentityFileinstead of relying on an interactive SSH agent that the service cannot access. - Ensure the service account can read the private key but other local users cannot. Check directory traversal permissions as well as the key file itself.
- Do not depend on a first-connection host-key prompt. Provision the organization-approved known-hosts entry or perform an explicitly reviewed first connection before the job runs.
- For HTTPS, make sure the token is injected into the job’s secret store and is not printed by shell tracing, debug logging, or failure diagnostics.
The host key warning changed
A changed host-key warning is a server-identity event, not an authentication failure to bypass. Stop and verify the GitLab host, DNS, network path, and expected fingerprint with the administrator. Remove or replace a stale known-hosts entry only after that verification; do not disable host-key checking as a shortcut.
The clone succeeds but the application cannot read or update files
Inspect ownership and mode bits in the checkout:
stat -c '%U:%G %a %n' PROJECT
idClone as the same account that runs the application, or deliberately assign ownership after cloning. A successful Git authentication does not grant the application permission to read the Linux files, and a read-only deploy key does not permit pushes. If the job must push tags or commits, enable write access only after reviewing that requirement and its approval path.
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After cloning: keep access maintainable
Record the remote without exposing secrets
SSH remotes contain no bearer token, so they are usually easier to audit:
git remote -vFor HTTPS, inspect the remote and configuration for accidental credentials. If a token was ever embedded in the URL, replace the remote immediately with the credential-free form:
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Plan rotation and revocation
Maintain an inventory containing the server, Linux account, repository, key or token type, owner, creation date, expiry date, and revocation contact. Remove credentials that are no longer needed. For a departing administrator, revoke the user key or token according to the account process. For a retired server, remove its deploy key and destroy its private key through the organization’s normal disposal procedure.
If a token or private key may have been exposed, treat it as compromised: revoke it immediately, remove copies from shell history, configuration, logs, images, and backups where practical, then issue a replacement with the minimum required permission. Review GitLab audit information and server logs for unauthorized use.
Handle submodules and subsequent fetches
A project can clone successfully while a private submodule later fails because each submodule has its own remote URL and access check. Inspect them with:
git submodule status
git config --file .gitmodules --get-regexp '^submodule..*.url$'Give the same Linux account an approved credential that can read every private submodule, and prefer SSH URLs with deterministic key selection. Do not paste a token into .gitmodules or any command that will be committed.
For routine updates, run Git as the checkout owner and use a policy-appropriate fast-forward operation:
cd /srv/apps/PROJECT
git fetch origin
git pull --ff-onlyIf the deployment must remain reproducible, have the job check out an approved commit or tag rather than accepting arbitrary changes from the default branch. That operational policy is separate from the initial authentication method.
Quick Recap
A repeatable server procedure
- Log in as the account that will own and update the checkout.
- Confirm
git --versionandssh -V; confirm the destination directory is writable by that account. - Choose a user SSH key, a project deploy key, or an HTTPS token based on the required permission boundary and network policy.
- For SSH, generate a dedicated key, upload only its public half, select read-only deploy access where possible, and lock down file permissions.
- Make identity selection explicit with an SSH host alias or
IdentitiesOnly=yesand an absolute key path. - Verify the GitLab host identity and run an authentication test before cloning.
- Copy the exact project URL from GitLab’s Code menu and run
git clonefrom the intended parent directory. - For HTTPS, create a minimally scoped token, run the credential-free HTTPS URL, enter a non-empty username and the token at the prompts, and use only an approved credential store or secret injector.
- Run
git remote -v,git status, and an application-specific read check as the service account. - Document ownership, expiry, rotation, and revocation, then remove any temporary copies or exposed credentials.
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