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In the United States, the two vaccines that help prevent cancers caused by infection are the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine. Whether either may be due depends on your age, vaccination history, and health circumstances. Check your records and compare them with current guidance; a clinician or pharmacist can help resolve missing or unclear doses. These vaccines prevent infections that can lead to cancer—they do not treat an existing infection or cancer.

Which vaccines help prevent cancer?

The National Cancer Institute identifies HPV and hepatitis B vaccines as the two types of cancer-prevention vaccines approved in the United States. They target different viruses and therefore help prevent different cancers.

Vaccine Infection it prevents Cancer connection
HPV Infection with vaccine-targeted human papillomavirus types Persistent infection with some high-risk HPV types can cause cancers of the cervix, anus, oropharynx, penis, vagina, and vulva. The NCI estimates that HPV vaccination can prevent up to 90% of cancers caused by HPV infection; this is an estimate, not a guarantee for an individual. NCI: HPV and Cancer
Hepatitis B (HepB) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection Chronic HBV infection can cause serious liver disease, including liver cancer. NCI: Infectious Agents

Check your age, health circumstances, and vaccine history

Before deciding whether to ask about a vaccine, gather the details a healthcare professional will need. Recommendation logic differs between HPV and HepB, and a general article cannot determine your personal eligibility.

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  • For HPV: Note your age, age when you received the first dose, number of doses, and whether you have an immunocompromising condition identified by a clinician.
  • For HepB: Note your age, prior doses, and any risk factors or medical conditions that may affect the recommendation. Do not try to diagnose a risk condition yourself.
  • For either vaccine: Record relevant health circumstances, including pregnancy if applicable, and bring them up when discussing timing.

Find and reconcile your vaccination records

  1. Search your existing records. Check a personal vaccine card, pediatric or primary-care records, and pharmacy records. You can also ask whether your local immunization information system or registry has records available.
  2. Write down dates and doses. A paper immunization record book can help organize information, but it does not establish whether you are eligible or fully vaccinated.
  3. Compare the record with current schedules. Use the CDC’s Adult Immunization Schedule by Age and its notes for adults. For a child or teenager, use the current CDC child and adolescent schedule.
  4. Ask a clinician or pharmacist to resolve gaps. Bring whatever dates and records you found. Ask whether the series is complete, whether any doses are due, and whether a health circumstance changes timing. If your history is unknown or incomplete, say so rather than assuming you received no doses.

CDC schedules address incomplete or unknown histories and direct healthcare professionals to apply the relevant recommendations and notes. Do not restart a series or choose a vaccine product based only on a generic article; have a professional reconcile the schedule with your records and circumstances.

How HPV vaccine recommendations work

Under CDC adult schedule guidance, people through age 26 should complete the HPV vaccine series if they are not adequately vaccinated. For adults aged 27–45, vaccination is addressed through shared clinical decision-making: discuss whether it may benefit you with a clinician rather than assuming it is routinely recommended for everyone in that age group. Check the live CDC schedule because guidance can change.

Dose count depends on when vaccination began

People who started the series before age 15 generally need two doses, spaced as recommended. People who started at age 15 or older, and people with certain immunocompromising conditions, need a three-dose series. A clinician should check the applicable schedule against your age at the first dose, immune status, and documented doses.

HPV vaccination does not replace cervical screening

The vaccine does not treat an HPV infection already present, and it does not cover every cancer-causing HPV type. People with a cervix should continue to follow cervical screening recommendations and seek follow-up for abnormal results. NCI: HPV and Cancer

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How HepB vaccine recommendations work

CDC adult schedule notes recommend HepB vaccination routinely for adults aged 19–59. For adults aged 60 or older, those with known risk factors should receive a series; those without known risk factors may receive one, and adults in this age group who request vaccination should receive one. The appropriate product and series length can vary, so use the current schedule and professional advice rather than assuming one regimen applies to everyone. CDC Adult Immunization Schedule Notes

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Use current, local guidance

This guidance is for U.S. readers and reflects CDC and NCI material available October 4, 2026. Vaccine schedules can change, and recommendations in other countries may differ. Check the live CDC schedule and discuss individual questions with a healthcare professional, especially when records are unclear or health circumstances may affect timing.

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