The Tool Desk
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To check whether business systems may have been compromised, compare account, administrator, file, application, network and device activity with what is normal for your organization. Investigate unexpected access, privilege changes, unusual logins and suspicious activity across connected systems—not just one computer. An alert or anomaly is a lead, not proof; no scan or quiet log can certify that an environment is clean. If the evidence points to a plausible incident, follow your incident-response plan, coordinate containment and preserve evidence before attempting cleanup.
What a compromise check can—and cannot—tell you
A practical check is a review of activity records and system evidence for signs that an unauthorized person accessed accounts, devices, applications, data or network resources. Its purpose is to identify suspicious activity, understand what may be affected and prompt an appropriate response. It is not a one-click test that conclusively labels a business network safe or compromised.
CISA describes logging as recording activity on business systems, including who accessed what, when and from where. Monitoring adds oversight by reviewing logs for anomalies or unauthorized behavior. Those records are useful only to the extent that they cover relevant systems, are available for the period in question and have not been changed or deleted. CISA’s business logging guidance recommends establishing logging and monitoring practices for this reason.
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- An anomaly is not a verdict. A legitimate employee working an unusual schedule, a software update or a configuration change can create activity that looks unusual. Check context and corroborating records before drawing a conclusion.
- No alert is not an all-clear. A system may not log the relevant activity, a log may be incomplete, or monitoring may not flag an event. A lack of visible warnings does not demonstrate that no intrusion occurred.
- A workstation is not the whole environment. Accounts, cloud services, servers, network equipment and connected systems may also be involved. The scope must follow the evidence and the way your business systems are connected.
This is general guidance based on U.S. government sources, not a forensic determination or jurisdiction-specific legal advice. If the facts suggest unauthorized access, treat the matter as a suspected incident rather than relying on an informal check to declare systems clean.
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Start by establishing what normal looks like
You need a baseline to distinguish expected business activity from activity worth investigating. If logs are not already collected, begin building coverage across the systems that matter to the business. Relevant sources may include servers, firewalls, endpoint devices and cloud services. Records can help establish which account or device acted, what it accessed, when the action occurred and where it came from.
Check what is being recorded
Make an inventory of important business systems and identify where each system’s activity records are kept. Consider the accounts and applications employees use, devices that access company data, servers and network infrastructure, and cloud resources. The goal is not to collect every possible record indiscriminately; it is to know which evidence is available for the services and data your organization depends on.
- Confirm whether relevant systems generate activity logs and whether the records cover the period you need to examine.
- Identify who can review the records and how they can be retrieved if an account, device or service becomes unavailable.
- Centralize logs where practical so investigators can relate events from different systems rather than treating each one in isolation.
- Protect logs against unauthorized access, alteration or deletion, and retain them according to your organization’s policy and compliance needs.
CISA identifies Logging Made Easy as a no-cost option for collecting, storing and reviewing logs. It is one possible logging tool, not a substitute for deciding what needs to be monitored or for investigating an incident.
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Monitoring means reviewing available records for behavior that differs from the established baseline. Alerts can help prioritize events such as repeated failed logins, privilege escalation or other high-risk activity. The purpose is to direct attention, not to have an alert make the incident decision for you.
For a useful baseline, record the ordinary patterns your organization can reasonably identify: which accounts and systems are used for key tasks, which administrators are authorized to make changes, and what kinds of access or network activity are expected. A baseline may be imperfect, especially in a small organization or one with changing work patterns. Note what you know and investigate meaningful deviations instead of treating every unusual event as malicious.
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Review activity for concrete warning signs
Use a specific event as the starting point where possible: a user report, an alert, an unexpected system change or a service behaving differently. Then check the relevant records around it and compare them with what the user, system owner or administrator expected. CISA’s logging guidance supports reviewing activity for anomalies; its materials do not provide one universal checklist of signs that confirms every compromise.
Look for account and login anomalies
- Access that the account owner does not recognize, especially access to a service or resource the person does not normally use.
- Login activity that is unusual for that account or inconsistent with the organization’s normal work patterns.
- Repeated failed logins or other account activity that warrants checking against the user’s expected behavior.
- Administrative or permission changes that no authorized administrator can explain.
Ask the account owner and the responsible administrator whether the activity was expected, but do not treat a plausible explanation as conclusive until it matches the relevant records. A legitimate change may have been made by a different administrator or service process; an unexplained change deserves escalation.
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- Unexpected creation, removal or alteration of accounts, permissions, configurations or other administrative settings.
- Suspicious access to files, systems or business data, particularly when the relevant owner does not recognize the activity.
- Unexpected access to a server, application or resource by an account or device that would not ordinarily need it.
- System events or network activity that differ from the organization’s established baseline.
Do not infer compromise from a single log entry without context. Check the actor, time, system, affected resource and surrounding activity, then look for corroboration in records from related services or devices. If records are missing, that uncertainty is itself relevant to how confidently you can scope the event.
Separate investigation leads from proof
For each suspicious event, write down what was observed, where the record came from, when it occurred and what remains unknown. Record any explanation offered by the account owner or system administrator, and whether another source supports it. This keeps assumptions from becoming facts as the review expands.
An alert can be a false positive, while a quiet alerting system can miss activity. A clean result from one endpoint or a single security scan does not establish that accounts, cloud resources or connected systems are unaffected. If the evidence is ambiguous or the business impact could be significant, escalate rather than trying to resolve uncertainty through ad hoc cleanup.
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Scope the possible compromise beyond the first device
Once an event looks credible, identify the accounts, endpoints, servers, cloud resources and network segments that may be connected to it. Start with the system or account where the suspicious activity was found, then use available logs and artifacts to look for related activity elsewhere. The scope depends on the evidence and on how the organization’s environment is configured.
- Anchor the timeline. Note the earliest relevant event you can substantiate, the systems that recorded it and the period of available records. Do not assume the first alert is the beginning of the activity.
- Identify associated identities and assets. Determine which user or service accounts, devices, applications and resources interacted with the affected system or data.
- Review connected-system records. Check for related logins, administrative actions, file access or other suspicious activity in systems that share accounts, data or connections with the initial finding.
- Document gaps and unresolved questions. Identify systems with missing logs, periods that cannot be reviewed and any assets whose status is unknown. Do not describe unknown assets as clear.
- Update the scope as evidence changes. New findings may expand or narrow the set of affected systems. Keep the response team aligned on what is confirmed, suspected and still unverified.
There is an important context limit to one CISA recommendation: its 2022 advisory says to investigate connected systems and the domain controller when the initial access or compromise described in that advisory is suspected. Apply that recommendation to its described threat context; it does not mean every incident has the same path or that every business uses a domain controller. The broader lesson is to follow relationships in the evidence instead of assuming the first affected device is the only one involved.
If compromise is plausible, coordinate containment and preserve evidence
Use your organization’s incident-response plan as soon as the facts make compromise plausible. Coordinate decisions among the people responsible for IT, security, business operations and leadership. The right containment action and timing can depend on how quickly the incident could spread, the need to keep critical services available and the value of preserving evidence.
Do not start with casual cleanup
Avoid deleting files, reinstalling a device, wiping accounts or making uncoordinated configuration changes simply to make a suspicious system look normal. Such actions can remove information responders need to understand what happened. Keep notes of what has already been changed and by whom, and have trained responders direct forensic work when they are available.
CISA’s threat-specific advisory recommends isolating affected systems, reviewing and collecting relevant data and artifacts, capturing memory and creating forensic images in the context it describes. CISA’s ransomware guide also stresses that volatile evidence may be lost or tampered with and suggests cloud-volume snapshots for later forensic review. These are responder-directed evidence-preservation measures, not instructions to improvise a forensic collection without the appropriate expertise.
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Coordinate isolation with business needs
Disconnecting an affected system can limit further access or spread, but an isolation decision can also interrupt operations or affect evidence collection. CISA’s advisory recommends immediate isolation in its threat context; the appropriate action for your incident should be coordinated with the response lead and the people responsible for business continuity. If a system may be actively affecting other systems, communicate urgency through the response plan rather than delaying for a routine review.
Ransomware actors may monitor activity, so CISA’s ransomware guidance notes that out-of-band communications may be appropriate. Use a communication method the response team considers safe if there is reason to believe normal business accounts or channels could be observed. The same guide recommends powering down only when network disconnection is not possible to prevent further spread. Because shutting down can lose volatile evidence, do not power off a device reflexively when a qualified responder can guide the decision.
Bring in qualified help when needed
If your organization lacks incident-response or forensic expertise, consider a qualified third-party incident-response organization. CISA recommends considering outside support in the advisory context. Choose assistance through your organization’s established process and evaluate the provider for the specific incident; this guidance does not endorse a particular vendor. Preserve relevant logs and records, and coordinate access to affected systems with the responder.
For a suspected incident, the operational tradeoffs are connected rather than independent:
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|---|---|---|
| Evidence preservation | Changes, shutdowns or deletion can remove useful records or volatile information. | Coordinate forensic collection and containment with trained responders where available. |
| Service availability | Isolation can disrupt business processes or access to essential services. | Include business continuity owners in decisions about which systems to isolate and when. |
| Potential spread | Leaving an affected system connected may allow further activity. | Assess urgency and containment scope from the evidence; do not assume one action fits every incident. |
| Organizational capacity | A small internal team may not be equipped to preserve and analyze evidence. | Use the incident-response plan to bring in qualified support when internal expertise is insufficient. |
CISA’s federal incident-response playbook discusses response decisions in terms of incident handling and vulnerability response, but it is a federal playbook rather than a universal step-by-step procedure for every business. Its playbooks can inform the distinction between response actions, while your own plan and circumstances determine what is appropriate.
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Escalate internally, consider reporting and plan recovery
Make sure the incident reaches the people who can authorize containment, business continuity measures and external communications. CISA’s corporate leadership guidance says senior management should set an expectation that indications of malicious cyber activity are reported, even when security controls blocked them. Put that expectation into your organization’s reporting process so an employee does not have to decide alone whether an alert is serious enough to mention.
Bring in the roles your response plan assigns, which may include IT and security, leadership, communications, legal counsel and business continuity. Keep a shared record of confirmed findings, suspected activity, affected operations, actions taken and outstanding decisions. Separate facts from assumptions, and avoid sending sensitive incident details through channels the response team has not approved.
Reporting and notification depend on the facts
Whether a business must notify a regulator, customers, employees, law enforcement or another party depends on jurisdiction, sector, the data involved and the incident facts. There is no universal notification deadline established here. Follow your incident-response and communications plans, consult counsel and check the relevant regulator’s current requirements. CISA’s ransomware guidance directs organizations to their incident-response and communications plans for breach notifications.
CISA advisories include U.S. reporting channels, including CISA and FBI contacts, but contact details and reporting routes can change. If you need to report in the United States, check the current instructions on the relevant official advisory or agency site rather than relying on an old contact copied into an internal document. Businesses outside the United States should identify the appropriate national and sector-specific channels for their jurisdiction.
Recover from a known scope, not an assumed clean result
Recovery should be coordinated with the people responsible for incident response and business continuity. Before restoring normal access or returning systems to service, use the investigation findings to determine which accounts and resources need attention and what evidence remains unresolved. A response team may need to preserve artifacts and document changes while operations are restored. Do not interpret the return of a system to normal operation as proof that every related account or service has been cleared.
After the immediate response, review what made the incident difficult to detect or scope. Gaps in logging, unclear reporting responsibilities or missing continuity procedures can be addressed through the organization’s established security and response planning. CISA’s guidance for corporate leaders emphasizes leadership involvement, while its business logging guidance can help organizations strengthen the records available for future monitoring.
A practical first-check checklist
- Record the suspicious event, who reported it, which system or account is involved and what is known so far.
- Check the relevant login, administrator, file, application, network and system records against expected business activity.
- Ask the responsible user or administrator whether the activity was authorized, then verify the explanation against available records.
- Look for related activity across connected accounts, endpoints, servers, cloud resources and network segments.
- Mark evidence gaps and unknown assets clearly; do not treat missing records as a clean result.
- If compromise is plausible, activate the incident-response plan and coordinate containment, evidence preservation and continuity decisions.
- Involve qualified responders when internal expertise is not sufficient, and consult counsel about reporting and notification obligations.
The checklist is a triage path, not a forensic certification. Its most important result may be a well-supported escalation and a clearer picture of what still needs investigation.
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