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The reliable Linux workflow is: create a project directory, generate package.json with npm init, write and test the module, inspect the exact tarball with npm pack --dry-run, authenticate securely, then publish with the command that matches your package name. Unscoped packages are public automatically; scoped packages require npm publish --access public for a public release.
Publishing is effectively permanent for a name-and-version pair, so treat the final inspection, security review, and version check as release gates rather than optional cleanup.
What you need before creating a package
You need a Linux shell, a supported Node.js installation that includes npm, and an npm user account with permission to publish the chosen package name. Work in a directory that will become the package root: the directory containing package.json is the directory npm packs and publishes.
- A unique package name that you are entitled to use.
- A deliberate initial version; npm’s module guidance recommends starting a new module at semantic version
1.0.0. - A clear decision about whether the package is unscoped (for example,
weather-tools) or scoped (for example,@acme/weather-tools). - Source code, a README, and tests that can run on a clean installation.
- An npm account configured for two-factor authentication (2FA), or a narrowly scoped granular access token with permission to bypass 2FA when a non-interactive publisher needs it.
Decide the registry and ownership before you write documentation or automation. The package name, scope, and registry shown in the final manifest should be the ones you intend consumers and CI systems to use.
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Create the project and generate its manifest
Make an isolated project directory
mkdir my-package
cd my-packageKeeping one package in one directory prevents unrelated files from being included accidentally and makes local installation tests reproducible. Run all package commands from this root unless a command explicitly targets another directory.
Initialize an unscoped package
npm initnpm opens a series of prompts and writes package.json in the current directory. The npm module guide’s essential instruction is to run npm init in the root directory of the Node.js module. Enter a package name, version, description, entry point, test command, repository information, keywords, author, and license that accurately describe the project. You can accept a prompt’s default and edit the file afterward.
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npm init --scope=@scope-nameReplace @scope-name with a scope belonging to your npm user or organization. The resulting name follows the @scope/package-name form. A scope gives the package a namespace, but it also changes the default visibility: scoped packages are private by default and need an explicit public-access flag when you release them publicly.
Review the important manifest fields
At minimum, check name, version, and the entry point. A basic CommonJS package might have a manifest shaped like this:
{
"name": "my-package",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "Small string utilities for Node.js",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "node --test"
},
"keywords": ["nodejs", "utilities"],
"license": "MIT"
}The main value must point to a file that actually exists in the published tarball. If your project uses another module system or a build step, configure the corresponding entry fields and ensure the built output is present before packing. Do not describe files as the entry point merely because they exist in your working tree; verify that npm will ship them.
Write the module, documentation, and tests
Implement a small public API
Create the file named by main. For the manifest above, index.js could export a single function:
function kebabCase(value) {
return String(value)
.trim()
.toLowerCase()
.replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
.replace(/^-+|-+$/g, '');
}
module.exports = { kebabCase };Keep the first release’s API intentional. Document what inputs are accepted, what errors are possible, and whether the function is synchronous, asynchronous, or dependent on environment variables. Consumers install the package without seeing your development assumptions, so avoid requiring files that are not included in the package.
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Add a README that works for a stranger
Your README should state the package name, purpose, supported runtime assumptions, installation command, a minimal usage example, API behavior, license, and a way to report problems. Show the import or require form that matches the package you are publishing. If a feature needs configuration, list the variable names and safe example values; never paste real credentials into documentation.
Add automated tests
Tests should cover the normal API, boundary values, and failures that a consumer could encounter. Put the command in scripts.test so the same check can run locally, in CI, and before publication. A package that passes only when executed from its source directory has not been tested as a package; the external-install test below catches missing files and incorrect entry points.
Control what npm will publish
Inspect the packed file list
npm pack --dry-runThis command performs a packaging preview and reports the files npm would place in the tarball, without creating a release in the registry. Read the list as if you were an attacker and as if you were a consumer: look for credentials, private keys, environment files, personal information, payment data, local logs, test fixtures containing secrets, and proprietary material. Also confirm that the README, license, entry point, runtime files, and required generated output are present.
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Use .npmignore or .gitignore to exclude files that should not be published. Do not assume a file is safe merely because it is ignored by Git, and do not assume a local ignore rule will remove a file if npm’s packaging rules still include it. Run npm pack --dry-run again after every ignore-file change. npm specifically recommends removing private keys, passwords, personally identifiable information, and credit-card data before publishing; exclusion rules are a second line of defense, not a substitute for deleting secrets from the project.
Check the final metadata
Open package.json and verify the registry-related settings, exact package name, version, description, entry point, scripts, and license. Check that the README uses the same package name and installation command. If the package is scoped, confirm that the scope belongs to the account or organization that will publish it.
Test the package as a consumer would
Testing from outside the project catches a common class of release defects: code that works only because the developer’s current directory contains source files, development dependencies, or unbuilt artifacts.
- Move to a separate directory outside the package.
- Install the local package by path, for example
npm install path/to/my-package. - Create a short script that imports the package by its manifest name and exercises the documented API.
- Run the test command and the example from the README.
- Remove the local installation and repeat with the published package name after a release, if you need to verify registry behavior.
Use a clean directory rather than linking the source tree. A path installation still forces npm to consume the package boundary, so missing files, incorrect main paths, and undeclared runtime dependencies become visible before consumers report them.
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Authenticate npm without weakening the account
Publishing requires either 2FA enabled on the npm account or a granular access token with bypass-2FA enabled. An interactive maintainer can authenticate with npm’s login flow and approve the requested second factor. Automation should use a narrowly scoped token or a supported trusted-publishing integration rather than a broad, long-lived credential copied into scripts.
Keep credentials out of the repository, shell history, issue trackers, build logs, and README examples. Give a CI identity only the permissions needed to publish the intended package, rotate credentials when a maintainer leaves or a secret may have been exposed, and revoke a token immediately if it appears in a log. Test authentication in the same environment that will publish, because a local login does not prove that a CI runner has the required credential or registry configuration.
Choose public visibility: unscoped versus scoped
The package name determines the default visibility and the publish command.
| Package form | Namespace | Default visibility | Public publish command |
|---|---|---|---|
package-name |
Global namespace | Always public | npm publish |
@scope/package-name |
User or organization scope | Private by default | npm publish --access public |
Unscoped names are globally shared, so a name that is already registered cannot be claimed by another publisher. Scoped names identify the owner namespace, but the scope does not make a package public automatically. If you intend a scoped package for public consumption, include --access public on the first publish command. Omitting it can result in a private publication and a release process that does not match your README or users’ expectations.
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Publish a direct release
Unscoped public package
npm publishFor an unscoped package, this makes the selected version available publicly. npm reads the manifest and publishes the files represented by the package boundary you inspected. A direct publish makes that version live immediately, so complete the tests, tarball review, authentication check, and name/version check first.
Scoped public package
npm publish --access publicUse this form for a scoped package that should be publicly installable. The access flag is about package visibility; it does not replace account authorization or 2FA. Confirm that the scope is correct before you run the command, because a successful upload is immediately associated with that namespace.
What success means
A successful command means npm accepted the exact name and version from package.json. It does not guarantee that every consumer can use the module: consumers may still encounter an incorrect entry point, missing runtime dependency, unsupported Node.js version, or misleading README example. That is why the external installation test belongs before publication, not only after it.
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Use staged publication when a review gate matters
npm documents a staged workflow for teams that want CI to submit a release before a maintainer makes it live:
npm stage publish
npm stage list
npm stage approve <stage-id>The first command submits a staged release, npm stage list lets you review the pending stage, and approval promotes the selected stage. Approval requires 2FA. Unlike direct publishing, staging introduces an explicit review point between CI submission and public availability.
| Workflow | When the version becomes live | Review point | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
Direct npm publish |
Immediately after a successful publish | Before the command | Maintainers who have completed all checks locally |
| Staged publication | After a maintainer approves the stage | After CI submits, before release | Teams that require an explicit 2FA approval gate |
Staging does not excuse the package review: inspect the tarball, verify the version, and run tests before CI submits the stage. It changes the release timing and approval control, not the contents of the package.
Automate releases with trusted publishing where supported
For supported CI environments, npm’s trusted-publishing workflow allows an approved CI identity to publish and can provide provenance information. npm documents support for GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD in this context. Prefer that model over storing a long-lived publish token when your repository and pipeline meet the provider’s requirements.
Keep the automation narrow: trigger publication only from the intended branch or release event, run tests and npm pack --dry-run before the publish step, and ensure the job uses the same package directory and version that the maintainer reviewed. A protected approval or staged release is useful when CI can build automatically but a human must authorize public availability.
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An npm package name and version cannot be reused after publication, even if the package is later unpublished. Treat the pair as an immutable release identifier. Check spelling, scope, capitalization conventions, version, and the files in the tarball immediately before publishing. If you discover a defect after release, publish a new version that fixes it rather than trying to recycle the same version number.
This rule also affects failed-looking releases: verify the registry before retrying a command. A network interruption can leave you uncertain whether npm accepted the version. Retrying blindly may produce an error because the version already exists; first determine whether the package is present, then choose a new version only when the original publication actually succeeded.
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Pre-publish release gate
- Confirm the intended registry, exact package name, scope, and version in
package.json. - Run the complete test command from the project root.
- Install the package from a clean external directory with
npm install path/to/my-packageand exercise the documented API. - Run
npm pack --dry-runand read every file in the proposed package list. - Remove private keys, passwords, PII, payment data, environment files, and other material that consumers must not receive.
- Verify that the README, license, entry point, built output, and runtime dependencies are included.
- Confirm 2FA or a narrowly scoped granular token with bypass-2FA enabled.
- For CI, use trusted publishing where supported or a short-lived, narrowly scoped credential.
- Choose
npm publishfor an unscoped public package ornpm publish --access publicfor a scoped public package. - Remember that the name-and-version pair is permanent once published.
Troubleshoot common publication failures
The package is rejected because the name or version exists
Names in the unscoped global namespace must be available, and a published name-and-version pair cannot be reused. Recheck the manifest and registry, then select a genuinely available name or increment the version only when you are creating a new release.
A scoped package is not publicly installable
Scoped packages default to private visibility. Publish the intended version with npm publish --access public, and verify that your account controls the scope. Do not assume that a successful authentication step changed package access.
npm reports an authentication or 2FA problem
Confirm that the account has 2FA enabled or that the granular token explicitly permits bypassing 2FA. For CI, check that the secret is available to the release job, has not expired or been revoked, and is not being masked or overridden by a different registry configuration.
A consumer cannot import the package
Install the package in a clean directory and inspect the packed file list. Compare the manifest’s entry point with the actual shipped path, ensure generated files are built before packing, and move required runtime modules from development-only configuration into the package’s runtime dependency declarations.
A secret appears in the tarball
Stop the release, remove the secret from the project and ignore rules, rotate or revoke the credential, and rerun npm pack --dry-run. If the package was already published, assume the exposed value is compromised and follow the credential owner’s revocation procedure; changing the file in a later version does not erase the earlier tarball from every cache or installation.
CI publishes a different version than the one reviewed
Make the pipeline print the package directory and manifest version before its publish step. Ensure checkout, build, versioning, and publication operate on the same commit and that no later job mutates package.json after the review. A staged release can add a human approval point when that consistency cannot be guaranteed automatically.
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After publication
Record the published version, commit, release notes, and the exact command used. Monitor installation and issue reports for missing files or platform-specific failures, then address defects with a new version. Keep future releases just as deliberate: update the version, rerun tests and the external-install check, inspect the new tarball, and verify visibility before publishing.
Quick Recap
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