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Build the API in four layers: define a GraphQL schema, connect one reusable MongoDB client, implement resolvers that validate and translate operations, then expose Apollo Server through standalone HTTP or Express. For production, add secret management, TLS, authentication, network restrictions, graceful shutdown, and limits on expensive queries. This guide walks through a complete CRUD service and a deployment path you can operate.
What you are building
GraphQL is a client-facing contract. The schema declares the types, fields, arguments, queries, and mutations that clients may use; the server’s type system is itself queryable. The September 2025 GraphQL specification describes GraphQL as “a query language and execution engine for describing and performing the capabilities and requirements of data models for client-server applications.”
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In this example, clients manage Record documents stored in MongoDB. The same structure works for users, products, tickets, or any domain object: replace the fields and database rules without changing the overall architecture.
- Schema: declares the public API and nullability rules.
- Resolvers: validate arguments, authorize requests, and translate GraphQL operations into MongoDB reads and writes.
- MongoDB driver: maintains a connection pool and executes database operations.
- HTTP layer: Apollo’s standalone server is compact; Express integration is better when you already need middleware, routing, or custom HTTP behavior.
Choose supported versions before coding
Pin the Node.js and package versions you actually support in package.json and your lockfile. The MongoDB Node.js quick start specifies Node.js 16.20.1 or later, while Apollo’s MERN tutorial assumes Node.js 20 or later. Using a current Node.js LTS release (20 or newer) avoids that mismatch, but record the exact version in your deployment documentation and CI configuration.
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Apollo Server, GraphQL, and the MongoDB driver release independently. Do not copy a tutorial’s version numbers blindly: select compatible current releases, install them together, and test the lockfile in CI. The examples below use the current package names rather than promising a particular future version.
Start a Node.js project and install dependencies
Create an application directory, initialize npm, and install Apollo Server, GraphQL, the official MongoDB driver, and environment-variable support:
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npm init -y
npm install @apollo/server graphql mongodb dotenvIf you will use Express, also install the Express 5 integration and HTTP middleware:
npm install express cors @as-integrations/express5Use ECMAScript modules by adding "type": "module" to package.json, or convert the imports to CommonJS. Keep .env out of source control:
MONGODB_URI='mongodb+srv://app_user:password@cluster.example.mongodb.net/?retryWrites=true&w=majority'
MONGODB_DB='records_app'
PORT='4000'Use a secret manager in deployment rather than committing this file. The URI above is only a format example; obtain the real Atlas or self-managed connection string from the database administrator.
Define the GraphQL schema first
Write the contract before database code. Nullability is significant: ID! means a caller must supply an ID, while [Record!]! promises a non-null list containing no null records.
const typeDefs = `#graphql
type Record {
id: ID!
title: String!
description: String
createdAt: String!
updatedAt: String!
}
type Query {
record(id: ID!): Record
records(limit: Int = 20, offset: Int = 0): [Record!]!
}
type Mutation {
createRecord(title: String!, description: String): Record!
updateRecord(id: ID!, title: String, description: String): Record
deleteRecord(id: ID!): Boolean!
}`;This contract exposes only operations your application intends to support. It does not expose collection names, arbitrary MongoDB filters, sort expressions, or update operators. Those implementation details stay behind resolvers.
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Connect to MongoDB once during startup
The official mongodb driver creates a MongoClient from an Atlas SRV URI or a self-managed URI such as mongodb://localhost:27017. Create one client for the process and let its pool serve all requests. Opening a new client inside every resolver causes needless handshakes, connection churn, and poor latency under load.
import 'dotenv/config';
import { MongoClient, ServerApiVersion } from 'mongodb';
const client = new MongoClient(process.env.MONGODB_URI, {
serverApi: {
version: ServerApiVersion.v1,
strict: true,
deprecationErrors: true
}
});
await client.connect();
await client.db().command({ ping: 1 });
const db = client.db(process.env.MONGODB_DB || 'records_app');
const records = db.collection('records');The Stable API options (ServerApiVersion.v1, strict: true, and deprecationErrors: true) make unsupported or deprecated server features fail clearly instead of changing behavior silently. The ping confirms reachability during startup, so a bad URI or blocked network path fails before the service accepts traffic.
In production, enable TLS and authenticated, least-privilege database users. Restrict Atlas network access or the self-managed firewall to application networks, and never print the URI, password, or full authorization headers in logs.
Implement resolvers as the data boundary
Resolvers receive the GraphQL arguments and a context object. They should validate input, convert external IDs to MongoDB types, apply authorization, choose a bounded query, and map database documents back to the schema. The client should never select an arbitrary collection or send raw MongoDB operators.
import { GraphQLError } from 'graphql';
import { ObjectId } from 'mongodb';
function objectIdFrom(id) {
if (!ObjectId.isValid(id)) {
throw new GraphQLError('Invalid record ID', {
extensions: { code: 'BAD_USER_INPUT' }
});
}
return new ObjectId(id);
}
function toRecord(document) {
if (!document) return null;
return {
id: document._id.toHexString(),
title: document.title,
description: document.description ?? null,
createdAt: document.createdAt.toISOString(),
updatedAt: document.updatedAt.toISOString()
};
}
const resolvers = {
Query: {
async record(_, { id }, { records }) {
const document = await records.findOne({ _id: objectIdFrom(id) });
return toRecord(document);
},
async records(_, { limit = 20, offset = 0 }, { records }) {
const safeLimit = Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), 100);
const safeOffset = Math.max(offset, 0);
const documents = await records
.find({}, { projection: { title: 1, description: 1, createdAt: 1, updatedAt: 1 } })
.sort({ createdAt: -1, _id: -1 })
.skip(safeOffset)
.limit(safeLimit)
.toArray();
return documents.map(toRecord);
}
},
Mutation: {
async createRecord(_, { title, description }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) {
throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
}
const now = new Date();
const document = { title: title.trim(), description: description?.trim() || null, createdAt: now, updatedAt: now };
const result = await records.insertOne(document);
return toRecord({ ...document, _id: result.insertedId });
},
async updateRecord(_, { id, title, description }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) {
throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
}
const changes = { updatedAt: new Date() };
if (title !== undefined) changes.title = title.trim();
if (description !== undefined) changes.description = description?.trim() || null;
const filter = { _id: objectIdFrom(id) };
await records.updateOne(filter, { $set: changes });
return toRecord(await records.findOne(filter));
},
async deleteRecord(_, { id }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) {
throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
}
const result = await records.deleteOne({ _id: objectIdFrom(id) });
return result.deletedCount === 1;
}
}
};Validate values, not only IDs
GraphQL enforces declared types, but it does not enforce business rules such as a non-empty title, maximum length, ownership, or allowed state transitions. Apply those checks in resolver helpers or a validation layer. Reject invalid input with a predictable BAD_USER_INPUT error and avoid returning stack traces to clients.
Handle missing documents and duplicate keys
A lookup that finds nothing should return null for the nullable record field. For mutations that require an existing document, check the result and return a deliberate not-found error. If a unique index can reject an insert or update, catch MongoDB error code 11000 and convert it to a safe conflict message instead of exposing driver details.
Use pagination and projections
The example clamps limit to 100 and selects only fields needed by the response. Offset pagination is easy to understand but becomes less efficient at large offsets; use a cursor based on a stable sort key such as createdAt plus _id for large collections. Add indexes that match real filters and sort orders. Never provide an unbounded find({}).toArray() endpoint.
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Run Apollo Server as a standalone HTTP service
Apollo’s standalone integration is the shortest path for a service that does not need an existing Express application. Apollo starts the GraphQL server and returns the listening URL.
import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
import { startStandaloneServer } from '@apollo/server/standalone';
import 'dotenv/config';
import { MongoClient, ServerApiVersion } from 'mongodb';
const client = new MongoClient(process.env.MONGODB_URI, {
serverApi: { version: ServerApiVersion.v1, strict: true, deprecationErrors: true }
});
await client.connect();
await client.db().command({ ping: 1 });
const db = client.db(process.env.MONGODB_DB || 'records_app');
const records = db.collection('records');
const server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });
const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, {
listen: { port: Number(process.env.PORT || 4000) },
context: async ({ req }) => ({
records,
user: await authenticate(req)
})
});
console.log(`GraphQL endpoint: ${url}`);authenticate represents your token verification code. Verify a signed bearer token against your identity provider, then place only the resulting user identity and roles in context. Do not treat a client-supplied header or user ID as proof of identity.
Mount Apollo Server in Express
Use Express when the application already has middleware, custom routes, request IDs, rate limiting, or a non-GraphQL health endpoint. Apollo’s Express 5 integration requires JSON parsing and CORS middleware before expressMiddleware, and the Apollo server must be started before the route is mounted.
import http from 'node:http';
import express from 'express';
import cors from 'cors';
import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
import { expressMiddleware } from '@as-integrations/express5';
import { ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer } from '@apollo/server/plugin/drainHttpServer';
const app = express();
const httpServer = http.createServer(app);
const server = new ApolloServer({
typeDefs,
resolvers,
plugins: [ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer({ httpServer })]
});
await server.start();
app.get('/health/live', (_req, res) => res.status(200).send('ok'));
app.use('/graphql',
cors({ origin: process.env.CORS_ORIGIN, credentials: true }),
express.json({ limit: '1mb' }),
expressMiddleware(server, {
context: async ({ req }) => ({
records,
user: await authenticate(req)
})
})
);
await new Promise((resolve) => httpServer.listen(Number(process.env.PORT || 4000), resolve));The drain plugin lets Apollo finish in-flight work when the HTTP server shuts down. Keep the JSON body limit and CORS origin explicit; permissive defaults are rarely appropriate for a production API.
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Test the CRUD API locally
Start the process with node src/server.js (or your configured npm script), then send a query to http://localhost:4000/graphql:
curl http://localhost:4000/graphql
-H 'content-type: application/json'
--data-raw '{"query":"query { records(limit: 10) { id title description createdAt } }"}'Create a document with variables rather than interpolating user input into a query:
curl http://localhost:4000/graphql
-H 'content-type: application/json'
--data-raw '{"query":"mutation($title:String!,$description:String){ createRecord(title:$title,description:$description){ id title } }","variables":{"title":"Deploy checklist","description":"Verify database readiness"}}'Check both the HTTP status and the GraphQL response’s errors array. GraphQL can return a response with an errors member even when the HTTP request itself succeeded, so monitoring must inspect both.
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Choose standalone Apollo or Express
| Option | Best fit | Advantages | Trade-offs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apollo standalone | Dedicated GraphQL service | Minimal code, built-in listener, fewer moving parts | Less control over existing routes and middleware |
| Apollo with Express | Applications that already use Express | Custom middleware, routes, CORS, rate limiting, and health endpoints | More startup and shutdown code; middleware order matters |
Choose a MongoDB deployment model
| Model | Operational ownership | Network and scaling considerations | Backup responsibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Managed Atlas deployment | Provider operates the database infrastructure and control plane | Configure project access, IP or private-network rules, TLS, users, and an appropriate cluster tier | Choose and verify the managed backup policy for your tier |
| Self-managed Enterprise or Community deployment | Your team operates hosts, upgrades, monitoring, and failure recovery | You control topology, firewalls, capacity, and scaling procedures | You must design, test, and monitor backups and restores |
The official Node.js quick start demonstrates Atlas, while the driver documentation also covers Enterprise and Community deployments. The application code can remain the same; the URI, network path, credentials, TLS settings, and operational responsibilities change.
Secure the production deployment
Keep secrets outside source control
- Store
MONGODB_URI, database names, signing-key configuration, and allowed origins in the platform’s secret manager. - Use a separate database user for the service with only the collections and actions it needs.
- Rotate credentials without placing them in images, logs, error messages, or GraphQL responses.
Require encrypted, authenticated connections
Use TLS between the Node.js process and MongoDB and require authenticated database users. Atlas normally supplies a TLS-enabled SRV connection path; self-managed deployments must configure certificates and verify them in the driver options. Do not disable certificate validation to work around a deployment error.
Authenticate and authorize every protected operation
Authentication establishes who is calling. Authorization determines whether that identity may read or change a particular record. Populate context from a verified token, then enforce ownership or role checks inside resolver helpers. A schema field being visible does not mean every authenticated user should receive every document.
Restrict the network
Place the API and database on controlled networks, restrict inbound database access to application subnets, and expose only the HTTPS reverse-proxy or load-balancer endpoint publicly. If a platform terminates TLS, keep the proxy-to-application path protected where the environment requires it.
Reuse connections and shut down cleanly
Connect once during startup and reuse the driver’s pool. On termination signals, stop accepting new HTTP requests, allow the drain plugin to finish in-flight operations, and close the MongoDB client. A readiness check should fail when the database is unavailable, while a liveness check should indicate only whether the process is running; conflating the two can cause restart loops during a transient database outage.
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GraphQL lets a client choose a selection set, so a small HTTP request can represent substantial database work. Apply several controls rather than relying on one setting:
- Clamp list arguments and prefer cursor pagination for large datasets.
- Set an HTTP body-size limit and reject unusually large variables.
- Enforce query depth, field-cost, or execution-time limits appropriate to your schema and threat model.
- Disable schema introspection and the GraphQL IDE in production unless an authenticated development workflow needs them.
- Use persisted or allow-listed operations for public clients when you need stronger control.
- Log operation names, status, latency, and error codes without logging credentials, tokens, or sensitive field values.
Apollo’s server APIs document startup behavior and execution controls; configure the controls in the version you pin and test rejection responses as part of deployment validation.
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Deployment checklist
- Pin a supported Node.js release and commit the npm lockfile.
- Build and run the same package set in CI and production.
- Provision MongoDB, create a least-privilege user, and restrict its network access.
- Put the URI and application secrets in the platform secret store.
- Enable TLS and verify certificates for both client-to-API and API-to-database paths.
- Run the MongoDB ping during startup and expose separate liveness and readiness checks.
- Choose standalone Apollo or Express based on middleware and routing requirements.
- Set CORS, body-size, pagination, depth, cost, and execution-time policies.
- Protect mutations with authentication and authorization checks.
- Test invalid IDs, missing records, duplicate keys, oversized limits, unauthorized requests, and database outages.
- Configure graceful shutdown and verify that the process closes the MongoDB client.
- Monitor latency, error rates, pool saturation, database health, and rejected operations.
Common failure modes and fixes
Startup fails with a connection timeout
Check the URI, DNS resolution, TLS certificate chain, database user’s password, and the database network allowlist. A successful local connection does not prove that the production subnet is allowed.
Every resolver opens a new connection
Move MongoClient creation to startup and pass the database or collection through context. The driver already manages pooling; field-level clients add overhead and can exhaust database connection limits.
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Valid-looking IDs produce errors
MongoDB’s default identifiers are ObjectId values, while GraphQL exposes them as strings. Validate with ObjectId.isValid, convert before querying, and return a client-safe input error for malformed values.
Queries become slow as data grows
Remove unbounded reads, add a maximum page size, project only required fields, and create indexes for the filters and sort keys you actually use. Replace large offset values with cursor pagination.
Express returns a middleware or startup error
Ensure await server.start() runs before expressMiddleware, install the integration package that matches your Express major version, and place JSON parsing and CORS before the GraphQL middleware.
Clients see internal database details
Map driver exceptions to deliberate GraphQL errors, use stable extension codes such as BAD_USER_INPUT, UNAUTHENTICATED, and FORBIDDEN, and disable detailed stack traces in production responses. Keep diagnostic detail in protected server logs.
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