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Deploy a Flask application on a VPS by packaging it in a Docker image, running it with Gunicorn, placing nginx on ports 80 and 443, and using DNS plus Certbot for HTTPS. Keep Gunicorn and Flask off the public network, store configuration and secrets outside the image, add health checks, and operate the stack with Docker Compose. Flask’s development server is only for local development; Flask documentation warns that it is not designed to be secure, stable, or efficient in production.
Choose the production architecture first
A practical single-VPS layout is:
Client → DNS → nginx on the VPS → Docker Compose network or loopback port → Gunicorn → Flask
nginx is the public front door. It terminates TLS, serves or forwards HTTP requests, and passes trusted proxy headers. Gunicorn is the production WSGI server that imports your Flask application. The Flask container is not assigned a public Internet port.
- Publicly reachable: SSH for administration, plus TCP ports 80 and 443 for nginx.
- Private: Gunicorn on the Compose network or a host port bound only to 127.0.0.1.
- Persistent: a named volume or an external database for data that must survive container replacement.
- Managed as code: a Dockerfile, a production Compose file, nginx configuration, and a documented release procedure.
You can run nginx as a host package and proxy to a loopback-published container port, or run nginx as another Compose service on the same internal network. The steps below use host nginx with a loopback binding because it makes the public/private boundary explicit. If nginx itself is containerized, proxy to the Compose service name and remove the host port publication.
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Prerequisites and decisions
- An Ubuntu VPS with a static public IPv4 address, and IPv6 if you intend to publish an AAAA record.
- A non-root administrative account that can use
sudo, with SSH key authentication preferred. - A registered domain name whose DNS you can edit.
- A Flask project with an importable module or application factory, a pinned
requirements.txt, and a route suitable for a health check such as/health. - A decision about persistence: a database volume on this VPS or a managed database reached over a private or restricted connection.
- A plan for secrets such as the Flask signing key, database password, and third-party API keys. These must not be committed to Git or copied into a Dockerfile layer.
Choose and maintain the Python base-image tag and dependency versions for your project. The python:3.12-slim image shown below is an illustrative pattern, not a claim that a particular application or dependency set was tested with it.
Prepare and secure the VPS
Create the administrator and patch the system
Log in over SSH using the non-root account, then apply available updates:
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sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -yKeep root login and password authentication disabled after confirming that your administrative SSH key works. Record the VPS address, the SSH port, and the account used for recovery before changing SSH policy.
Install Docker Engine and Compose
Install Docker Engine and the Compose plugin from Docker’s official Ubuntu repository rather than an unrelated package source. The exact repository commands vary with the Ubuntu release, so follow the current Ubuntu installation sequence for that release. Verify both components and the daemon:
docker --version
docker compose version
sudo docker run hello-worldIf you add the administrator to the docker group to run commands without sudo, treat membership as root-equivalent access. Sign out and back in before testing the new group membership.
Review firewall behavior before publishing ports
Docker-published ports can bypass assumptions made from a basic ufw or firewalld ruleset. Before starting the application, decide exactly which host ports should be reachable and review Docker’s firewall interaction for your distribution.
- Allow SSH only from the networks that need it, where practical.
- Allow TCP 80 and 443 for nginx and certificate validation.
- Do not publish the Flask or database port on the VPS public interface.
- After deployment, inspect listening sockets and test from an external network, not only from the VPS itself.
Make the Flask application container-ready
Use an importable application entry point
Gunicorn must be able to import your Flask application without the development reloader. An application factory is a good fit for production configuration:
from flask import Flask
def create_app():
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_prefixed_env()
@app.get("/health")
def health():
return {"status": "ok"}
return appWith this module saved as app.py, the Gunicorn target is app:create_app(). If your module or factory has another name, change the target accordingly. The container must listen on its container interface, not only on 127.0.0.1, so Gunicorn should bind to 0.0.0.0:8000.
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Pin and install dependencies
Commit a requirements.txt with versions that your project supports, including Flask and Gunicorn. Build failures should be visible during image creation rather than discovered when a container starts. Do not install development-only reloaders or depend on a workstation virtual environment being present inside the image.
Build the image
This Dockerfile installs curl so the Compose health check can make an HTTP request. If you use a different health-check command, remove that package and keep the image minimal.
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WORKDIR /app
RUN apt-get update
&& apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl
&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
COPY . .
EXPOSE 8000
CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "app:create_app()"]EXPOSE documents the container port; it does not make that port public by itself. Gunicorn should not run as root. For a hardened image, create an unprivileged user, grant it ownership of /app, and add a USER instruction after dependency installation. Confirm that your application does not need to write to a root-owned directory.
Test the image before using the VPS
Build and run it locally with a temporary environment file, then request the health endpoint. The exact environment variables depend on your application, but the sequence should prove that the factory imports and Gunicorn serves traffic:
docker build -t flask-app:test .
docker run --rm -p 8000:8000 --env-file .env.example flask-app:test
curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/healthStop the development container after the test. The production Compose file should build the same image without mounting your source tree over /app.
Define a production Docker Compose file
Web service with a private host binding
Create a production-specific Compose file, such as compose.production.yml. This example binds port 8000 only to the VPS loopback interface, removes development source-code mounts, loads production configuration, restarts the service after failures, and checks the application:
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services:
web:
build: .
env_file:
- .env.production
ports:
- "127.0.0.1:8000:8000"
restart: always
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD-SHELL", "curl -f http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1"]
interval: 30s
timeout: 5s
retries: 3Using 127.0.0.1:8000:8000 means host nginx can reach Gunicorn while a remote client cannot connect directly to port 8000. If nginx is another Compose service, use expose: ["8000"] instead, attach both services to an internal network, and set nginx’s upstream to web:8000.
Docker’s production Compose guidance specifically calls out removing application-code volume bindings, changing ports and environment variables, and adding a restart policy such as restart: always. Do not copy a development file unchanged: bind mounts can replace the image’s code, expose debugging behavior, and make a release depend on files left on the server.
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Start a dependent database only after it is healthy
If the database runs in the same Compose project, give it a health check and make the web service depend on the healthy state:
services:
web:
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
db:
# Use a database image and pinned version supported by your application.
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD-SHELL", "the-database-health-command"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5Replace the health command with the database vendor’s readiness probe; for example, a PostgreSQL deployment commonly uses its native readiness utility. The important behavior is that Compose waits for the dependency’s health check before creating the dependent service. This prevents a web container from starting during the database’s initialization, but it does not replace application-level retry logic for later network interruptions.
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Compose secrets are exposed as files under /run/secrets/<secret_name> only to services that explicitly request them. A minimal arrangement is:
services:
web:
secrets:
- flask_secret
- db_password
secrets:
flask_secret:
file: ./secrets/flask_secret.txt
db_password:
file: ./secrets/db_password.txtCreate those files outside version control, restrict their permissions, and teach the application to read the file contents. For example, read /run/secrets/flask_secret at startup instead of putting the value in the Dockerfile. An .env.production file is useful for non-secret configuration, but it should also be protected and excluded from source control when it contains credentials.
Persist data deliberately
Containers are replaceable. Put database files, uploaded assets, or other state that must survive a rebuild on a named volume, or use an external managed database. Back up persistent data and periodically test restoration; neither Docker restart behavior nor a volume by itself is a backup.
Deploy and inspect the stack
- Copy the project, Dockerfile, production Compose file, environment configuration, and secret files to a controlled directory on the VPS. Keep secret files out of the Git repository.
- Build and start the production services:
docker compose -f compose.production.yml up -d --build - Check service state and health:
docker compose -f compose.production.yml ps docker compose -f compose.production.yml logs -f web - From the VPS, confirm that the loopback endpoint responds before involving DNS or TLS:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8000/health - If the health status is unhealthy, inspect the application logs, verify environment variables, and confirm that the health-check utility exists in the image.
A successful local response proves only that nginx can reach the container on the VPS. It does not prove that DNS, the public firewall, nginx routing, or certificate validation is correct.
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Install nginx on the VPS, then create a server block for the domain. The following configuration forwards requests to the loopback-published Gunicorn port and preserves the original host, client address, and scheme:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Replace the example hostnames with the names you actually control. Enable the site according to your nginx distribution layout, validate the complete configuration, and reload only after the test succeeds:
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sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxFlask describes an HTTP server placed in front of a WSGI server as a reverse proxy. Gunicorn’s deployment guidance also recommends a reverse proxy such as nginx or Apache and warns against running Gunicorn as root. nginx should remain the only service listening on public HTTP and HTTPS ports.
Trust forwarded headers carefully
Forwarded headers are supplied by nginx, so Flask must be configured to trust them only when requests can reach the application through that known proxy. If your application uses Flask’s proxy middleware, configure the number and identity of trusted proxies for this exact topology. Do not enable proxy-derived secure-cookie, scheme, or client-IP behavior while an untrusted network can send requests directly to Gunicorn.
Point DNS to the VPS, then enable HTTPS
Create and verify DNS records
DNS and TLS are separate operations. Create an A record for the domain pointing to the VPS IPv4 address and an AAAA record only if IPv6 is correctly configured and reachable. Wait until the records resolve to this server before requesting a certificate. Check both the bare domain and any www name listed in nginx.
Obtain a certificate with Certbot
After nginx serves the domain on port 80, install Certbot and its nginx integration from packages appropriate for your Ubuntu release. The documented automatic nginx flow is:
sudo certbot --nginxCertbot can obtain the certificate and edit the nginx configuration to redirect HTTP to HTTPS. If you need to keep nginx edits under manual control, use the documented certificate-only variant:
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sudo certbot certonly --nginxFollow the prompts for the exact domain names and contact address. Ensure the validation path is reachable from the Internet; a local curl request cannot substitute for an external ACME validation.
Test renewal
Certificate issuance is not the end of the task. Run the renewal test supplied by the installed Certbot package and fix any service, DNS, or permission error it reports. Confirm that the renewal timer or scheduled job remains enabled and that nginx reloads successfully after a renewed certificate.
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Use a repeatable release sequence
- Tag or record the source revision and build a new image.
- Review configuration changes and confirm that required secrets are present.
- Run database migrations as an explicit one-off operation when your framework requires them; do not hide destructive migrations inside every container start.
- Recreate the service with the new image:
docker compose -f compose.production.yml up -d --build - Check
docker compose ps, the health status, application logs, nginx errors, and a real HTTPS request. - Retain the previous image tag and database recovery point until the release has passed its acceptance checks. If the new container fails, restore the prior image and configuration rather than repeatedly restarting a broken build.
Monitor the parts that restart policies cannot diagnose
Inspect disk usage, memory pressure, container restart counts, nginx error logs, certificate expiry, database availability, and application exceptions. Compose health checks can mark a service unhealthy and restart policies can bring a stopped container back, but neither tells you whether customers are receiving correct responses. Add external monitoring for the HTTPS endpoint and alert on sustained failures.
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Single container, Compose stack, or managed platform?
A single web container is adequate for a small stateless application, but the operational boundary changes as soon as you add a database, worker, cache, or scheduled job.
| Decision axis | Single web container | Compose stack | Managed hosting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Services | One Flask/Gunicorn service, with dependencies external or absent. | Multiple services such as web, database, worker, and proxy on a defined network. | Platform-managed runtime and often managed database or proxy components. |
| Persistence | Usually external; the web container should remain disposable. | Named volumes or an external database, with backups and restore tests. | Persistence, snapshots, and retention depend on the provider’s product. |
| Secrets | Environment or mounted files must be protected on the VPS. | Compose secrets can be granted per service and mounted under /run/secrets. |
Provider secret stores and access controls may be available. |
| Health and ordering | Health checks and retries are your responsibility. | Health checks plus service_healthy dependency conditions coordinate startup. |
Platform probes and rollout behavior vary by service. |
| Networking and TLS | You maintain nginx, DNS, firewall rules, and certificates. | You still maintain them unless the platform supplies the public proxy. | The platform may terminate TLS and provide routing, but its networking model applies. |
| Upgrade and rollback | Replace one image and retain the prior tag. | Recreate related services in a controlled order and preserve migration recovery options. | Use the platform’s deployment and rollback controls. |
| Operational burden | Lowest initial complexity, but still requires patching and monitoring. | More moving parts, with configuration kept in one reproducible project. | Less server administration, in exchange for platform constraints and a different cost model. |
Self-hosting is most appropriate when you want control over the Docker image, networking, and operating system and can maintain patches, backups, TLS, and monitoring. Managed hosting reduces server administration but changes portability, observability, scaling controls, and billing. Choose based on those responsibilities rather than on the Flask framework alone.
Troubleshoot common failures
nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
- Confirm the web container is running and healthy with
docker compose -f compose.production.yml ps. - Read the application log with
docker compose -f compose.production.yml logs web. - Verify that nginx points to
127.0.0.1:8000when the port is loopback-published, or toweb:8000when nginx is on the Compose network. - Run
curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/healthon the VPS. A failure here is a container or Gunicorn issue, not a DNS problem.
The container exits immediately
Inspect the first startup error rather than restarting blindly. Common causes are an incorrect Gunicorn module or factory target, a missing dependency, an unset required environment variable, or an application import that performs work before configuration is loaded. Run the image interactively with the same environment and verify the import path.
The database is unavailable during startup
Add a real database health check and use depends_on with condition: service_healthy. Keep application-level connection retries as well, because a healthy database can become unavailable after Compose has started every service.
Certbot cannot validate the domain
Confirm that the A and, if used, AAAA records resolve to this VPS. Check that nginx is listening publicly on port 80, the requested hostname appears in server_name, and the validation path is not blocked by the firewall or another proxy. Correct DNS or nginx first, then rerun Certbot.
Firewall behavior is surprising
Check Docker’s published-port rules instead of assuming ufw alone describes exposure. Remove unintended port mappings, bind internal services to loopback or an internal network, and retest from outside the VPS.
Flask reports the wrong scheme or client IP
Verify that nginx sends Host, X-Forwarded-For, and X-Forwarded-Proto. Then configure Flask’s trusted-proxy handling for the actual number of proxies. Do not trust arbitrary forwarded headers from direct clients.
Quick Recap
Final deployment checklist
- Gunicorn, not Flask’s development server, runs the application.
- The Gunicorn container binds to its container interface but is not publicly exposed.
- nginx is the only public HTTP/HTTPS entry point and passes the original host and scheme.
- The production Compose file has no development source bind mount, uses production configuration, and defines a restart policy.
- Health checks cover the web service and any database that must be ready before it starts.
- Secrets are excluded from the image and repository and are mounted only into services that need them.
- Persistent data has a backup and restoration procedure.
- DNS resolves to the VPS before Certbot runs, and renewal testing succeeds.
- Firewall rules and Docker-published ports have been reviewed together.
- Every release has a recorded image, migration plan, health check, log review, and rollback path.
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