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Build an open-source software inventory by collecting dependency data during development, adding source or binary scan results where they answer a real coverage need, and generating a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) for each release. Validate the artifact, keep it tied to the exact version it describes, and use it to support—not replace—vulnerability and license management.
What an open-source software inventory should contain
An open-source inventory is a maintained record of the software components used in a project and, where available, how those components relate to one another. An SBOM is one machine-readable way to create and exchange that record. NTIA’s 2021 report defines an SBOM as a formal record of component details and supply-chain relationships in software.
The important distinction is that an SBOM is an inventory artifact, not a security verdict. It can help a team identify components to investigate for known vulnerabilities or license obligations. It does not establish that the software is secure, that every component has been found, or that the project complies with every applicable license requirement.
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- Source and dependency inventory: records dependencies represented in manifests, lockfiles, build-system data, or source analysis. It can expose the project’s declared or resolved dependency graph, but may include code that is not included in a shipped executable.
- Built-release inventory: describes a particular build or release. Build-native generation can produce an SBOM artifact as part of CI/CD and associate it with the version being produced.
- Installed-software inventory: focuses on software present in an installed environment. The NTIA format survey describes SWID as oriented toward this type of inventory.
- Combined inventory: brings together evidence from more than one collection point, such as dependency data and a post-build scan. Document which evidence came from each stage so consumers can interpret the result.
NTIA’s minimum-elements framing covers three areas: the data fields in an SBOM, support for automation, and the practices and processes used to request, produce, and use one. A useful inventory therefore needs more than a file in a chosen format: it needs a defined scope, a repeatable production method, and a way to keep the record current.
Plan the inventory before choosing tools
Write down what the inventory must help someone answer. A maintainer investigating a vulnerable dependency, a security team assessing a release, and a compliance team examining license information may need different evidence. NTIA identifies software inventory, vulnerability management, and license management among SBOM use cases.
Define scope and consumers
For each artifact, decide whether it represents source dependencies, a built release, installed software, or a combination. Identify who will consume it and what they need to do with the data. For example, a release review needs a reliable connection between an SBOM and a specific release; an installed-software inventory needs a representation suited to software present in an environment.
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Record the collection point and method alongside the artifact. A dependency-manager export, source scan, and binary scan are different kinds of evidence. Their results should not be presented as if they were produced in the same way or covered the same scope.
Check the build and dependency data you already have
Start with package-manager or build-system information where it is available. Build-native generation can use data from the process that constructs the software and can be integrated into a CI/CD pipeline. Then consider whether source or binary scanning contributes information needed for your use case, such as broader component identification or license data. NTIA’s 2021 Software Suppliers Playbook discusses both build-native SBOM production and source and binary scanning utilities for license summaries.
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Do not add a scan merely because it is available. Decide what question it answers, what point in the lifecycle it observes, and how you will distinguish its output from other evidence. Source information may show dependencies that do not ship; a post-build scan can provide evidence about shipped components but may not preserve the source dependency graph’s context.
Choose an SBOM format for the workflow
SPDX, CycloneDX, and SWID are among the formats covered by NTIA’s SBOM resource library and its 2021 survey of formats and standards. There is no universal winner established by that survey. Choose based on the target inventory, the systems that will consume the artifact, and the exchange and validation needs of your workflow.
| Format | Supported use-case information | Decision to make |
|---|---|---|
| SPDX | Included among the SBOM standards covered by NTIA’s resource library and format survey. CISA’s August 2024 recommendations identify SPDX validation and conversion tools. | Confirm that the format and the available validation or conversion support fit the tools and consumers in your workflow. |
| CycloneDX | NTIA’s 2021 survey characterizes it as automation-oriented, with broad component-identity support. CISA’s August 2024 recommendations identify CycloneDX validation and conversion tools. | Assess its component identity support, automation fit, and compatibility with the systems that will process the artifact. |
| SWID | NTIA’s 2021 survey characterizes it as oriented toward installed-software inventory. | Consider it when the inventory target is installed software, and confirm that the intended consumers can use the resulting artifact. |
Use the format that suits the inventory you are building, not the one that sounds most comprehensive. For a source or build workflow, check how the chosen format represents component identities and dependency relationships. For installed software, weigh the format’s fit for that target. In every case, verify that the artifact can be exchanged and processed by its intended consumers.
Format selection is only one part of tool selection. Compare the tools’ target scope, integration with your ecosystem and build process, component identifiers, machine-readable output, support for your license and vulnerability workflows, validation or conversion options, and ability to associate output with an exact release. The available evidence supports comparing formats by use case; it does not establish a single preferred scanner or format for every project.
Build a repeatable collection and generation workflow
A practical workflow captures dependency evidence at the source or build stage, adds other scans when they serve a defined purpose, and generates a version-specific SBOM in the release pipeline. These steps describe a process rather than a prescription for a particular scanner: tool interfaces and configuration differ by ecosystem, and the cited guidance does not establish one universal command or configuration.
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- Choose the inventory boundary. State whether the artifact covers source dependencies, a build, an installed environment, or more than one of those. Identify the release or environment the record will describe.
- Collect native dependency data. Use package-manager or build-system data where available. Preserve the context needed to understand how the dependency information was resolved or collected.
- Add source or binary scanning when justified. Use scanning to address a specific need for broader identification or license information. Keep the scan stage and method visible to later users rather than blending all results into an unexplained list.
- Generate the SBOM in CI/CD or the integrated build process. Make generation part of the repeatable process that produces the software. Build-time generation can create an artifact for a specific software version.
- Store the artifact with the release it describes. Keep the SBOM associated with the exact version or release, rather than treating a project-wide file as a substitute for records of individual releases.
- Document any later enrichment. If information is added after the initial generation step, retain the original source or build context and make the enrichment understandable. This helps consumers distinguish initial build evidence from later additions.
Keeping generation close to the build makes the process repeatable and gives the artifact a clear relationship to the version being produced. It also helps avoid a common recordkeeping failure: an SBOM exists, but nobody can tell which release it describes or how its component data was collected.
Validate the artifact and check its meaning
Validation is not just a question of whether a file can be parsed. Check both format validity and whether the content represents the intended inventory. CISA’s August 2024 recommendations identify validation and conversion tools for SPDX and CycloneDX. NTIA’s 2021 minimum-elements work provides a basis for considering component data, automation support, and process around the artifact.
- Check format validity. Run a validator appropriate to the chosen format and address errors before treating the artifact as usable.
- Check scope. Confirm that the artifact represents the declared target—source, build, installed software, or a documented combination.
- Inspect component records and relationships. Check that the expected components and dependency relationships are present and intelligible to the people and systems that will use the file.
- Confirm release association. Verify that the version or release named or otherwise associated with the artifact is the one actually produced.
- Review scan provenance. Make the collection stage and method clear, especially if dependency data, source analysis, and binary scanning have all contributed.
- Review exceptions and gaps. Human review remains necessary. A valid file can still omit relevant components, include items outside the shipped product, or fail to answer the intended question.
Conversion can help when consumers need another supported format, but conversion is not proof that the resulting inventory has complete or equivalent information. Validate the converted artifact and check that the component and relationship data needed by its consumers survived the transformation.
Use the inventory in vulnerability and license work
An SBOM is most useful when it feeds an operational process. Component data can support vulnerability management by helping teams identify what may need investigation, and it can support license management by making component and license information easier to examine. NTIA identifies these as SBOM use cases; neither use case is completed simply by creating the artifact.
For vulnerability work, use the inventory as a visibility input for the team’s established process. The presence of a component record does not itself say whether a vulnerability affects the project, whether the component is reachable, or whether a fix is appropriate. Those determinations require analysis beyond generating the SBOM.
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For license work, use component and available license information to direct review. Scanning can contribute license summaries, but an inventory should not be represented as a legal conclusion. Preserve enough context for the responsible reviewers to examine components and any uncertainty in the collected data.
Assign ownership for producing, reviewing, and consuming SBOMs. Without an owner and a downstream use, generation risks becoming a release checkbox that produces files no one consults. Connect the artifact to the vulnerability and license workflows it is intended to support, and make clear who acts on findings.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Maintain version-specific records over time
Regenerate the SBOM for each release and after meaningful changes to dependencies or the build that affect the inventory. Keep enough version context to answer a future question about what a particular release contained. NTIA’s request, production, and use framing treats SBOMs as part of an ongoing process rather than a one-time export.
Preserve prior release artifacts instead of overwriting a single “current” file. When a consumer reports a vulnerability or asks about a component, the useful question is often which released version included it. A version-specific archive makes that answer possible and allows teams to review changes between releases using records tied to their actual build contexts.
If collection methods or formats change, record the transition clearly. A new scan stage may change what is detected; a format change may affect downstream processing. Keeping that provenance with the release record helps consumers interpret differences without assuming that every change in an inventory reflects a change in the software itself.
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Understand what scanning and SBOMs cannot prove
Coverage depends on the collection point and method. Source inventories can contain dependencies or code that does not make it into an executable. A scan performed after a build may show shipped components but lose context from the source dependency graph. Different methods therefore provide complementary evidence rather than a guarantee of exhaustive detection.
For this reason, describe an SBOM as the output of a defined process, not as proof that “all components” have been found. State the target and collection stages, validate the file, and use human review to assess whether it serves its intended purpose. Do not make a completeness claim unless a tested method establishes the scope of that claim.
Likewise, an inventory does not make software secure by itself. It improves visibility and can support investigation and license review, but it does not eliminate vulnerabilities, determine exploitability, resolve licensing questions, or replace broader security practices.
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- The inventory scope is explicit: source dependencies, a built release, installed software, or a documented combination.
- Dependency data and any source or binary scan results have identifiable collection stages and methods.
- The SBOM is generated through a repeatable build or CI/CD process and is associated with the exact release it describes.
- The chosen format fits the target inventory and the needs of its consumers.
- The file has been validated, and component records, relationships, and release association have been reviewed.
- Any post-generation enrichment is distinguishable from the original source or build context.
- The artifact is retained as a version-specific record and connected to the vulnerability or license workflows it is meant to support.
- Claims about coverage are limited to what the collection method actually establishes.
These practices follow the central lesson in NTIA’s 2021 SBOM materials: useful inventories depend on component data, automation, and repeatable processes for requesting, producing, and using the records. CISA’s August 2024 recommendations add practical support for validating or converting SPDX and CycloneDX artifacts. Together, those steps turn an SBOM from a loose export into an interpretable record that can be maintained release by release.
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