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MCP does not prescribe a universal throughput, concurrency, latency, or recovery target. A useful load and resilience test separates protocol behavior you must handle from performance goals your team sets for its own deployment.
Define what is in scope
Start by recording the system you are testing. MCP’s overview distinguishes the base protocol, versioning, message patterns, authorization, server and client features, and utilities; not every application uses every feature. The checklist should therefore identify the specific implementation and deployment rather than imply that one test covers all MCP systems. See the MCP specification overview.
- MCP client and server, including their versions or protocol revision.
- Transport: local stdio, networked Streamable HTTP, or a documented custom transport.
- Enabled capabilities and features, authorization behavior, and request mix.
- Deployment topology and relevant downstream services.
- Whether the test includes only MCP message exchange or also the work performed by tools and other dependencies.
Keep this inventory with the test results. A result from a local stdio subprocess does not, by itself, characterize a networked HTTP deployment.
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MCP is transport-agnostic at the semantic level: the transport frames and delivers messages, while protocol semantics remain the same. The current transport specification names stdio and Streamable HTTP as standard bindings; custom transports must preserve MCP message patterns and metadata. See the transport specification.
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For every transport
- Verify that client requests and notifications reach the server and that server messages reach the client.
- Check that framing, delivery, and per-request metadata are preserved, including when connections are interrupted or busy.
- Exercise protocol version mismatch and capability-negotiation failure as negative paths. Confirm the implementation surfaces and handles these cases rather than silently treating them as successful work.
For stdio
Test newline-delimited message framing. Confirm that stdout contains only valid MCP messages; send diagnostic logs to stderr so they cannot corrupt the protocol stream. These transport details are specified in the 2025-03-26 transport specification.
For Streamable HTTP
Check the MCP endpoint’s POST and GET behavior, and validate the Origin header on incoming connections as specified. Origin validation helps guard against DNS-rebinding attacks; include it as a security and connection-handling check, not as a performance target. The relevant rules appear in the 2025-03-26 transport specification.
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For a custom transport
Document and test connection setup, framing, cancellation, and termination. Verify that the transport preserves MCP message formats, patterns, and per-request metadata; merely moving bytes successfully is not enough if protocol behavior changes.
Test timeouts, cancellation, and cleanup
The lifecycle guidance says, “Implementations SHOULD establish timeouts for all sent requests, to prevent hung connections and resource exhaustion.” This is normative guidance in the Lifecycle specification (2025-03-26). It does not provide a universal timeout value.
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- Choose and record timeouts. Set limits appropriate to the operation and deployment. Record the values as local test parameters, not MCP-wide requirements.
- Expire a request deliberately. Confirm that the sender stops waiting and issues cancellation when its timeout expires.
- Test progress against the hard limit. If progress notifications extend a timer, verify that a maximum timeout still ends the request.
- Inspect cleanup. Check what happens to client and server resources after timeout, transport termination, and server exit. Do not assume that client-side timeout automatically stops server-side work; verify the implementation’s behavior.
Include timeout and cancellation outcomes in the test record: whether the request completed, timed out, was cancelled, or left work running, and what resources remained afterward.
Set load and failure scenarios from your deployment
The MCP sources cited here specify protocol behavior, not a standard load profile. They do not establish a protocol-wide requests-per-second rate, concurrency level, latency percentile, error-rate target, soak duration, recovery-time objective, or benchmark. Choose these inputs from expected usage, dependencies, and service objectives; label them clearly as your team’s targets.
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- Workload: representative request mix and enabled features.
- Load shape: client concurrency and request arrival pattern, with target values chosen locally.
- Dependency stress: slow or unavailable downstream services relevant to your server.
- Interruption: client disconnects, transport termination, and server restart.
- Overload and recovery: observe behavior when the deployment cannot keep up, then measure recovery against your own service goals.
When comparing real configurations or transports, run the same workload and compare successful completion rate, latency distribution, timeout and cancellation behavior, resource consumption, and recovery after interruption. The cited specifications do not provide comparative benchmark results, so they cannot support a claim that one transport is faster or more resilient.
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The lifecycle guidance identifies version mismatch, capability-negotiation failure, and timeout as cases implementations should be prepared to handle. Test that each is distinguishable from successful completion and from failures in the work performed by a tool or dependency.
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The draft tool documentation distinguishes protocol errors from tool execution errors and notes that execution errors can help a model self-correct. Because that guidance is draft material, treat it as non-normative unless its current status is confirmed. See the tool documentation.
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