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A state-sponsored intrusion must be handled as an adaptable campaign, not as one malicious alert. Build a practiced playbook with five operating sections: preparation and governance; detection and analysis; containment, eradication and recovery; communications and reporting; and exercises and improvement. Base the structure on NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3 (published April 2025 and aligned with the Cybersecurity Framework 2.0), then add explicit identity, cloud, operational-technology, evidence-preservation and executive decision procedures.
The playbook should let your security operations center answer, within minutes, who can declare the incident, which accounts or tenants may be isolated, what evidence must be preserved, how essential services continue, and who must be notified. It should also support months-long investigation when the first alert is only one trace of a larger espionage campaign.
Why a nation-state playbook is different
State-sponsored operators commonly pursue strategic access rather than an immediate, visible payoff. They may steal credentials, abuse trusted relationships, compromise cloud identity, establish multiple persistence paths and remain undetected for a long time. A successful response therefore has two simultaneous goals: stop the current activity and discover how far the campaign has already spread.
Use a campaign hypothesis from the start. Treat every related identity, endpoint, cloud tenant, mailbox, application, network segment and third party as a possible part of the same operation until evidence separates them. The CISA, FBI and NSA guidance published in 2022 calls on organizations to create, maintain and exercise incident-response, resilience and continuity plans, while minimizing personnel coverage gaps that an attacker could exploit.
Do not promise a universal containment time. Official guidance does not establish a broadly applicable mean time to contain a state-sponsored campaign; duration depends on dwell time, access level, logging quality, business constraints and the actor’s persistence.
Anchor the playbook in a current response framework
NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3, published in April 2025, is the current incident-response reference point and integrates response with CSF 2.0. Use it as the governance and lifecycle anchor, then write operational procedures that your responders can execute without interpreting a policy document during a crisis.
| Playbook layer | What it must answer | Primary owner |
|---|---|---|
| Governance | Who declares the incident, sets risk tolerance and authorizes disruptive actions? | Executive sponsor and incident commander |
| Technical response | How are alerts correlated, evidence preserved, access contained and persistence removed? | SOC, incident response and digital forensics |
| Continuity and safety | How do critical IT and OT services operate while systems or identities are isolated? | Business continuity, IT/OT operations and safety leads |
| Communications and reporting | What is reported, to whom, by when and with what verified facts? | Legal, privacy, communications and executive leadership |
| Improvement | Which gaps are corrected, tested and tracked to closure? | Program owner and accountable control owners |
1. Preparation and governance
Assign decision-making roles
Name an incident commander and at least one deputy for nights, weekends and holidays. Define technical, executive, legal, privacy, communications, IT, OT, business-continuity, safety and vendor responsibilities in advance. The incident commander coordinates the response; functional leads make recommendations within their authority; the executive sponsor resolves business-risk conflicts.
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| Role | Required decisions and outputs |
|---|---|
| Incident commander | Declares severity, sets objectives, assigns work, maintains the decision log and approves phase transitions. |
| SOC and threat hunting | Correlate detections, develop hypotheses, scope affected assets and maintain the campaign timeline. |
| Digital forensics and incident response | Collect volatile and persistent evidence, preserve chain of custody and advise on eradication. |
| Identity and cloud owners | Revoke sessions, reset credentials, disable applications and protect privileged control planes. |
| IT and OT operations | Execute isolation and rebuilds while maintaining safe, required capacity and manual workarounds. |
| Legal and privacy | Assess privilege, notification duties, evidence handling, contracts and law-enforcement coordination. |
| Communications | Maintain approved holding statements, employee guidance and a fact-checked situation-report cadence. |
| Business continuity and safety | Prioritize essential processes, alternate facilities, manual operation and recovery sequencing. |
| Vendor manager | Coordinate cloud providers, managed services, critical suppliers, outside counsel and retained responders. |
Set declaration and escalation thresholds
Write objective triggers rather than relying on a senior person’s intuition. Examples include confirmed compromise of a privileged identity, evidence of access to a cloud control plane, unauthorized mailbox or token use, unexplained access across multiple business units, exfiltration of sensitive data, impact to safety-critical operations, or indications that a trusted supplier is the entry point.
For each trigger, specify who can declare the incident, who can isolate an account or host, who can suspend an application, who can contact law enforcement, and who approves customer or employee communications. Record the decision, time, evidence and dissenting views. Microsoft recommends tabletop exercises that force management to confront these difficult, risk-based choices before a real event.
Build internal and external contact coverage
Maintain an out-of-band contact list for executives, deputies, SOC and infrastructure teams, legal and privacy counsel, communications, insurance, critical vendors, cloud providers, outside DFIR support, sector coordinators, law enforcement and CISA. Store it where an identity compromise cannot lock responders out, and test it periodically. Define a backup channel if corporate email or collaboration systems are suspected of being monitored.
Plan surge coverage for nights, weekends and holidays. CISA, FBI and NSA specifically warn that staffing gaps are exploitable. Include on-call rotations, authority handoffs, responder travel or access needs, and a method for bringing in external specialists without waiting for normal procurement.
Inventory what must be protected and what can keep operating
Maintain a current inventory of crown-jewel assets, identity providers, privileged accounts, cloud tenants, remote-access paths, critical SaaS applications, backups, trust relationships, OT networks and IT/OT dependencies. For each item, record its owner, business function, isolation method, recovery order, evidence sources and manual workaround.
Document which services can tolerate an outage, which require a safe shutdown and which must continue at reduced capacity. In OT environments, maintain tested manual controls and workarounds so necessary operations can continue even when IT is compromised. CISA recommends ensuring that OT can operate at the capacity required for safety and mission needs.
Make telemetry and evidence preservation explicit
Require logging for identity authentication and risk events, endpoint activity, cloud control-plane actions, email and mailbox access, network flows, DNS, VPN, administrative commands and application consent. Document retention periods, time synchronization, access permissions and export procedures. Ensure responders can retrieve logs when a tenant, account or SIEM workspace is under attacker control.
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Define evidence handling before the incident. Preserve volatile memory when appropriate, process trees, command lines, authentication context, token and session details, cloud audit records, network-flow data, relevant email, file metadata and timestamps. Identify the evidence custodian, hashing procedure, storage location and chain-of-custody form. A rushed reset or reimage can destroy the artifacts needed to discover other footholds.
Prepare communications and continuity materials
Create an escalation tree, a single incident information line and approved holding statements. A holding statement should explain confirmed service impact and protective actions without exposing investigative details, defensive positions or unverified attribution. Prepare separate internal guidance for employees, privileged administrators, customers, partners and suppliers.
Keep an obligations matrix for jurisdictions and sectors. It should list the possible trigger, responsible owner, legal reviewer, recipient, deadline, required content, delivery method and status. Notification requirements vary by law, regulator, contract and sector; there is no universal deadline that can safely be copied into every playbook.
2. Detection and analysis
Start with a campaign hypothesis
When a nation-state actor is suspected, open a campaign case rather than closing individual alerts as unrelated. Record the initial indicator, affected organization or supplier, suspected objective, confidence level and the questions that must be answered. Maintain separate fields for known, suspected and unknown facts so assumptions do not become “confirmed” through repetition.
Triage high-value signals
Prioritize signals that can reveal identity or control-plane compromise:
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- Token replay, session abuse, suspicious refresh-token use or sign-ins that bypass normal conditional-access controls.
- Unexpected OAuth or application consent, new service principals, credential additions or changes to federation and identity-provider settings.
- Mailbox delegation, forwarding rules, mass mailbox reads, unusual search activity or access to executive and administrator mail.
- Privilege escalation, creation of new administrative roles, unusual administrative tooling and commands executed outside normal change windows.
- Persistence through scheduled tasks, startup items, service accounts, remote-management tools, web shells or trusted relationships.
- Large or unusual transfers, staged archives, DNS tunneling, cloud-storage uploads or data access inconsistent with the identity’s role.
Hunt across every relevant plane
Search identity, endpoint, cloud, network and SaaS telemetry before and after the first alert. Work backward from the earliest credible indicator and forward until activity stops. Compare authentication, process, mailbox, application, DNS, VPN and data-access events across identities, hosts, tenants and third parties.
Map observations to MITRE ATT&CK techniques. The map is not an attribution proof; it exposes missing detections and helps responders ask whether a technique appeared in another environment or at another time. Record the query, data source, time range, result and analyst so the hunt is reproducible.
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Build and maintain a defensible timeline
Normalize timestamps to a documented time standard and note clock reliability. For every event, capture the actor or identity, source and destination, command or API action, authentication method, object changed, data touched and confidence. Distinguish the first observed activity from the actual initial compromise; a long-dwell campaign may predate available logs.
Maintain an affected-scope register covering identities, endpoints, tenants, applications, data sets, network segments and third parties. Add an owner, current status, evidence reference and next action. Escalate when scope expands, when a privileged identity is involved, or when the attacker appears to retain access after a containment action.
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A CISA advisory revised September 3, 2025 describes PRC state-sponsored actors targeting global networks, including telecommunications, government, transportation, lodging and military infrastructure. If malicious activity is suspected or confirmed, the advisory recommends threat hunting and incident response rather than waiting for a single conclusive alert. Use sector-specific intelligence to refine hypotheses, but do not let an attribution debate delay protective action.
3. Containment, eradication and recovery
Use graduated containment
Choose the least disruptive action that reliably removes the attacker’s current access, then increase restrictions if evidence shows continued activity. Coordinate every step with legal, safety and business owners, and record what evidence was collected first.
| Action | Use when | Important check |
|---|---|---|
| Revoke sessions and tokens | There is suspected token replay, session theft or active identity misuse. | Confirm revocation reaches every relevant tenant, application and device. |
| Reset credentials and enforce MFA | Passwords, secrets or authentication factors may be exposed. | Reset dependent service accounts and remove attacker-controlled recovery methods. |
| Disable accounts and malicious applications | An identity, OAuth application or service principal is confirmed compromised. | Check automation and business dependencies before disabling; preserve configuration evidence. |
| Isolate hosts or network segments | Endpoint execution, lateral movement or command-and-control is active. | Use a safe isolation method and preserve volatile data where feasible. |
| Block infrastructure | Known command-and-control domains, IP addresses, certificates or hashes are reliable. | Expect infrastructure rotation and avoid treating a block as eradication. |
| Restrict privileged access | Administrative accounts or cloud control planes are at risk. | Move operations to clean, monitored accounts and retain an emergency break-glass path. |
Prioritize identity and cloud control planes
A single compromised identity can expose many applications and data stores. Start with the identity provider, privileged roles, federation, conditional-access policies, service principals, API keys, certificates, recovery contacts and administrator mailboxes. Review newly created or modified applications, consent grants, forwarding rules, role assignments and audit-log access.
CISA Emergency Directive 24-02, issued April 11, 2024 after the Midnight Blizzard incident, required analysis of exfiltrated email, credential resets and additional protection for privileged Azure accounts. Apply the same logic to any cloud provider: identify what was read or changed, reset credentials and sessions, and harden privileged access before declaring the tenant clean.
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Do not immediately wipe every host or delete every account if doing so would destroy proof of persistence or reveal unexamined access paths. Capture relevant memory, disk artifacts, logs, cloud configurations, mailbox data and network evidence according to the legal and forensic plan. If safety requires immediate shutdown, document the reason and the artifacts that could not be collected.
Eradicate persistence and rebuild trust
Search for scheduled tasks, services, startup mechanisms, remote-management tools, web shells, forged tokens, unauthorized applications, new keys, modified federation settings, mailbox rules and compromised supplier connections. Reimage or rebuild from known-good sources when integrity cannot be established. Rotate secrets, certificates, API keys and service-account credentials; review trust relationships and delegated administration; and validate backups before using them.
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Eradication is complete only when the suspected access paths have been tested, not merely when alerts stop. Re-run the original hunts, search for related techniques and compare clean-account behavior with the campaign timeline.
Recover in controlled stages
- Confirm that identity, endpoint, cloud and network monitoring is operating and that responders have clean administrative accounts.
- Restore the highest-priority service from a verified source, using the minimum required connectivity and privileges.
- Validate configuration, authentication, logging, backup integrity and owner acceptance before reconnecting dependencies.
- Return additional systems in business-priority order, with heightened monitoring and explicit sign-off from the service owner, security lead and continuity lead.
- Keep emergency access, manual workarounds and rollback procedures available until the incident commander approves closure.
4. Communications and reporting
Operate from one fact-checked situation report
Set a regular situation-report cadence, such as every four hours during active containment and a slower schedule once risk stabilizes. Each report should state the reporting period, current severity, confirmed impact, actions completed, actions planned, decisions needed, evidence confidence, service status, notification status and next update time. Keep investigative hypotheses clearly labeled so they are not mistaken for facts.
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Legal and privacy counsel should apply the obligations matrix to regulator, sector, customer, partner, insurer and law-enforcement notifications. Requirements depend on jurisdiction, sector, affected data, contractual terms and the nature of the service. CISA’s guidance says organizations should consider all mandatory reporting requirements to relevant agencies and regulators under applicable laws and regulations, as well as additional voluntary reporting.
Preserve privilege where appropriate, but do not use privilege as a reason to withhold operational facts from responders who need them. Track what was reported, when, by whom, on what evidence and whether a supplemental report may be required as scope changes.
Use disciplined external messaging
Publish only verified information. Explain service impact, protective actions and customer instructions; avoid naming an actor unless attribution has been formally established and disclosure is authorized. Do not reveal containment methods, unpatched defensive positions, investigative indicators or details that could help the intruder adapt.
5. Exercises and continuous improvement
Exercise realistic campaign paths
Run table-top and technical exercises for at least these scenarios:
- Compromise of an administrator or service account followed by token theft.
- Cloud control-plane compromise involving applications, federation or privileged roles.
- Espionage with mailbox access, staged archives and exfiltration.
- Destructive or disruptive actions after a period of quiet persistence.
- Simultaneous IT and OT disruption requiring manual operation.
- Compromise of a trusted supplier or managed service provider.
NIST preparation resources include tabletop packages and after-action improvement resources. Exercise the decisions that are hardest to make under pressure: whether to isolate a production tenant, shut down a business process, notify law enforcement, disclose uncertain impact, or continue operating with reduced capacity.
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Test the dependencies responders assume
Verify that teams can reach emergency accounts, logs, backups, contacts, communications channels, manual workarounds and external responders when normal identity or collaboration systems are unavailable. Test restoration from backups rather than checking only that a backup job reported success. Confirm that OT operators can maintain safe capacity without relying on compromised IT services.
Turn observations into owned work
After each exercise or incident, record decisions, delays, false assumptions, missing telemetry, access failures, unclear authority and unsafe dependencies. Assign one accountable owner and a due date to every corrective action. Track whether the change was implemented and retested; an unverified action is not a closed gap.
Update detections, hunting queries, checklists, contact lists, obligations matrices, training and recovery procedures after every cycle. Include the date, version and approving owner in the playbook so responders know which instructions are current.
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How to choose between playbook approaches
Organizations often combine an internal playbook with retained DFIR, threat-intelligence and cloud-provider support. Compare options against operational coverage rather than brand names or document length.
| Comparison axis | Questions to ask |
|---|---|
| Environment coverage | Does it address identity, cloud, endpoint, network, SaaS and OT, including their dependencies? |
| Containment authority | Can responders act quickly, and are disruptive decisions assigned to named roles? |
| Forensic depth | Does it preserve volatile evidence, cloud records, mail and identity context before remediation? |
| Continuity and safety | Does it protect essential operations, manual workarounds and safe OT capacity? |
| Reporting readiness | Are counsel, regulators, sector contacts, customers, partners and insurers included? |
| Exercise quality | Are scenarios realistic, decisions recorded and corrective actions retested? |
| External capacity | Can the organization obtain DFIR, threat intelligence and surge staffing outside normal hours? |
A practical first-day checklist
- Open a campaign case and appoint the incident commander and deputy.
- Move coordination to a trusted channel and verify the out-of-band contact list.
- Preserve volatile evidence, relevant logs, cloud audit records, mailbox data and timestamps.
- Identify suspected identities, hosts, tenants, applications, data and third parties.
- Protect privileged and cloud control-plane accounts; revoke sessions and tokens where justified.
- Reset credentials, remove malicious applications and isolate affected systems in graduated steps.
- Start threat hunting before and after the initial indicator and map findings to ATT&CK techniques.
- Activate continuity and safety procedures, including manual OT workarounds where needed.
- Apply the obligations matrix with legal and privacy counsel and prepare a verified situation report.
- Set the next decision point, monitoring window and evidence-based criteria for recovery.
What a finished playbook should contain
A usable document is more than a flowchart. It includes role cards with contact methods and authority; severity and declaration criteria; identity, cloud, endpoint, network and OT containment runbooks; evidence-preservation instructions; a campaign timeline and affected-scope template; an obligations matrix; holding statements; continuity and manual-operation procedures; recovery gates; exercise scenarios; and an improvement register.
Keep a short responder version for immediate use and a controlled annex with technical queries, provider-specific procedures, legal contacts and evidence forms. Review ownership and access at least after every exercise, major architecture change and incident. The playbook is ready only when the people named in it can reach it, understand their authority and perform the critical actions under pressure.
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