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Use robots.txt to tell compliant crawlers which pages not to fetch, a web application firewall (WAF) to block or challenge selected requests, and rate limits to constrain repeated activity. These controls do different jobs: robots.txt is guidance, not security; a WAF enforces request rules; rate limits control volume. Protect private information with authentication and server-side access controls, not crawler instructions.
What each control can—and cannot—do
| Control | What it does | Main limitation |
|---|---|---|
robots.txt |
Publishes crawl preferences for identified crawlers and URL paths. | Compliance is voluntary. It does not authorize or deny access, and the file is public. |
| WAF | Evaluates incoming requests against rules and can block or challenge selected traffic. | Available bot signals and actions vary by provider and plan; misconfigured rules can affect legitimate traffic. |
| Rate limits | Counts requests that match a configured expression and applies mitigation after a threshold. | Broad matching or poorly chosen thresholds can throttle real users and useful crawlers. |
As the IETF states in RFC 9309, “These rules are not a form of access authorization.” A disallowed URL can still be requested directly, and listing a sensitive path may make it easier to discover.
Set crawler preferences with robots.txt
Place the file at the website’s top-level path, such as https://example.com/robots.txt, and encode it as UTF-8. RFC 9309 defines how compliant crawlers interpret its groups and rules; it does not make them comply.
How matching works
- Rules are grouped by crawler product token. A crawler uses the wildcard group when no more specific group matches.
- If multiple groups match a crawler, their rules are combined.
- For a path decision, the most specific matching rule applies. If an
AllowandDisallowrule are equivalent,Allowtakes precedence.
For example, a site might use a rule such as User-agent: *nDisallow: /search/ to ask all compliant crawlers not to fetch paths under /search/. Confirm the exact behavior you intend with the crawlers you care about, and avoid listing confidential paths. The standard requires parsers to support at least 500 KiB of robots.txt content; that is a minimum parser capacity, not a target file size.
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Check delivery as well as contents
After changing the file, request the top-level URL and check that it returns the intended content rather than an error or an unexpected redirect. RFC 9309 treats failures differently: when the file is unavailable with an HTTP 4xx response, a crawler may access resources; when it is unreachable because of server or network errors, including 5xx responses, it must assume complete disallow while the file is unreachable. The RFC says crawlers should generally not use a cached copy for more than 24 hours unless the file is unreachable.
Keep private pages private
Do not use robots.txt to protect private material. RFC 9309 warns that paths named in the file are exposed and recommends a valid application-layer security measure, such as HTTP authentication. Require authorization on the server for every protected resource, including files or URLs that are not linked from public pages.
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Use a WAF to enforce request-level rules
A WAF sits in the request path and can apply rules to incoming traffic. Depending on the product and plan, rules may use request attributes or bot-management signals and may challenge or block matching requests. This is enforcement, unlike crawler guidance, but a rule is only as useful as its matching criteria and exceptions.
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Start with the traffic or request pattern you intend to address, then choose whether a challenge or a block fits the risk. Review rule matches and exceptions before expanding enforcement. A bot label or signal is not universal proof of malicious behavior; false positives can interrupt search crawling, monitoring, integrations, or real users.
Apply rate limits to costly or scrape-prone actions
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- Choose the action or path. Identify the endpoint that needs protection, such as a search, lookup, or other expensive operation.
- Define the counting scope. Select the request expression and counting dimensions that reflect how the endpoint is used.
- Set the threshold and mitigation. Choose how many matching requests are allowed over the configured period, then decide what happens and for how long when the threshold is exceeded.
- Observe and tune. Check whether legitimate users, integrations, monitors, or crawlers are being affected, and adjust the rule or its exceptions.
Cloudflare’s rate-limit guidance gives product-specific examples, including limiting repeated price lookups to frustrate catalog scraping. Its rate-limiting rules documentation and best-practices guidance describe that provider’s controls, not universal settings. Cloudflare warns that mitigating verified search bots can affect SEO, so consider search visibility before applying a limit to them.
Roll out controls without blocking legitimate traffic
- Check the effect on verified search crawling before challenging or throttling it.
- Verify uptime monitors, integrations, and important user journeys after changing rules.
- Review matches and false positives, then tune rules or allow trusted traffic where appropriate. Cloudflare’s WAF FAQ describes allowlisting trusted IPs and fine-tuning rules as ways to reduce false positives; the right exception depends on your environment.
- Keep access-control checks on the application or server for protected content, regardless of what crawler rules say.
Cloudflare’s guidance on these provider-specific practices is available in its WAF FAQ. Product features and plan availability can change, so confirm current provider documentation when configuring a rule.
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Choose the right layer for the problem
- To ask compliant crawlers to skip public paths, use
robots.txt. - To challenge or block requests that match security or bot criteria, use WAF rules.
- To constrain repeated use of an endpoint or action, use a rate limit.
- To keep content private, require authentication and enforce authorization server-side.
These controls can complement one another, but none makes the others unnecessary: crawler preferences do not stop direct requests, and traffic controls do not replace authorization for private data.
Quick Recap
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