Quick wins for a faster PC:
Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →iTechGuides is reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Learn more
A credible blockchain throughput benchmark is not a single TPS number. It is a documented experiment that defines the transaction, workload, counting boundary, offered load, success rule, latency endpoint, finality meaning, software, hardware, and network conditions. Report successful sustained throughput together with latency and finality; label theoretical capacity, synthetic execution tests, inclusion rates, and finalized transactions as different measurements.
Why headline TPS is an incomplete result
“Transactions per second” sounds comparable, but the word transaction can describe very different units. A transfer between two accounts, a contract call with heavy storage access, a batched application operation, and an L2 user transaction settled through one L1 batch do not consume the same resources or answer the same question.
A number can also be measured at different boundaries. It may count transactions submitted by a client, accepted into a mempool, included in a block, executed successfully, confirmed by a chosen number of blocks, or considered final under the protocol’s consensus rules. A local execution test can omit propagation, state persistence, validator work, and consensus. A bandwidth calculation can describe a ceiling under stated assumptions rather than an observed network rate.
Ethereum’s official scaling description captures the trade-off: “The main goal of scalability is to increase transaction speed (faster finality) and transaction throughput (higher number of transactions per second) without sacrificing decentralization or security.” A benchmark that maximizes rate while silently changing those constraints is not a like-for-like scalability comparison.
#1 Best Overall
- Powerful Turbo Fan:CAGIWIRU Electric Air Duster have reached speed up to 130000RPM,Can efficient remove dust and debris.With LED light and Three Adjustable Speed to meet with different cleaning tasks.
- With Attached USB C Fasting Charging cable.Charing 3 hours,Enjoy up to 240 minutes of use on the lowest setting, For third speed can use for 25mins.with four charging options to meet with your needs.
- Wide Application: attached 5 different nozzles,making it suitable for a variety of scenes, such as car,pet, pc, keyboards, and other electronic devices. It also serves for office and home clean duster.
- Handy Design & Portable:Cordless air duster electric nozzle is Light weight and small size, design and comfortable to hold and space saving, convenient to carry around. You can put it in your room or inside the car without taking up space.
- Economical &Reusable: Built durable materials with a long-lasting battery,our CAGIWIRU air duster it's a sustainable alternative to disposable air cans.
Start by writing the benchmark question
Before choosing a tool, write one sentence that identifies the decision the measurement must support. Examples include:
- How many simple transfers can this deployed network finalize per second during a 30-minute sustained run?
- How does a particular client execute a fixed set of EVM operations on one machine?
- What user-visible rate can an L2 process while recording settlement batches on its L1?
- At what offered load does the pending queue grow, failures increase, or latency become unacceptable?
Each question needs a different benchmark boundary. Do not use a CPU-only operation test to answer a whole-network capacity question, and do not use a theoretical bandwidth estimate to claim production TPS.
Define exactly what counts as a transaction
Specify the transaction semantics
Document the transaction format, signature scheme, fee or gas settings, payload size, and state touched. For contract workloads, record the called functions, read and write operations, execution branches, logs, and whether calls contend for the same accounts or storage locations. State whether each submitted item represents one end-user action or a batch containing many logical actions.
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsDescribe the workload as synthetic, replayed from production, or derived from an application trace. Synthetic traffic is useful for controlled experiments, but a workload containing only the cheapest operation can overstate the rate an application can obtain. A benchmark that isolates one operation should be presented as an operation result, not as the chain’s general TPS.
Choose a success rule
Count a transaction as successful only when it meets the rule stated in advance. Possible rules are execution success, block inclusion, a specified confirmation depth, or protocol finality. Record successful, reverted, rejected, expired, and still-pending submissions separately. A transaction that consumes resources and is later reverted is not equivalent to a successful application action, even if it occupies block space.
State the counting interval
Use a precise interval and exclude warm-up and drain periods from the primary rate. For a run that starts at time t0 and ends at t1, calculate successful throughput as:
successful throughput = successful transactions whose chosen endpoint occurs in the interval / (t1 − t0)
What’s actually slowing this PC down?
Pick the symptom - the matching free tool is one click away.
Report both the interval length and the windowing method. A one-second peak, a block-by-block rate, and a 30-minute sustained median are different statistics. Ethereum documentation describes blocks as created and committed about every twelve seconds, so block-level rates can look uneven even when the longer-run average is stable.
Rank #2
- Screen Cleaner is Your Screen’s New Bestfriend! - EVEO is proud to present a screen cleaner that’s perfectly suited for your TV. Meet your new screen cleaner, computer screen cleaner, laptop cleaner, iPad cleaner, Macbook,tv cleaner or any other electronic device. Our screen cleaner spray and wipe along with the included plush microfiber cloth, easily removes dust, fingerprints & other smudges on the screen’s surface. Clean effectively for a streak-free screen
- Gentle on your Screens - Our screen cleaner spray and wipes is compatible to be used even for the most sensitive LCD, LED, CRT, and OLED screens in proper use. Be at ease knowing that this product is compatible with all the major brands: LG, SONY, Samsung, Sharp, iPad, iPhone, Android screens, Kindle, PC monitors - we’ve got you covered! Can be used as LCD screen cleaner, tv cleaner, smart tv screen cleaner, and more
- Premium Super Soft Plush Microfiber Cloth - Included in this efficient screen cleaning kit. This screen cleaner spray and wipe has our signature plush microfiber cloth specially designed to comply with screens and monitors and leave them streak-free. Has been shown to effectively absorbs stubborn stains, zero streaks, and no fiber shedding. Always use this together with our screen cleaner for the best results
- Easy-to-Use Screen Cleaner Kit + microfiber cleaning cloth - The EVEO Screen Cleaning Kit will easily be your new favorite tool when it comes to taking care of the things you love most, quick and easy solution for a streak-free screen. Simply screw on the sprayer gun on the screen cleaner bottle. Spray the cleaning liquid onto the microfiber cloth, then wipe the screen until desired cleanliness & shine is achieved.
- Quality Screen Care Kit Worth Purchasing - Enjoy a convenient Screen Cleaner anytime, anywhere you need it. Your satisfaction is our top priority. We stand behind the quality of our products and that’s why, you shouldn’t be worrying at all. We manufacture the Best Screen Cleaner. and can be used for laptop cleaning kit, laptop screen cleaner, tv screen cleaner for smart tv. MacBook screen cleaner, monitor cleaner or screen cleaner spray for electronic devices with microfiber cleaning cloth
Control offered load and saturation
A system’s measured output is meaningful only alongside the load offered to it. Record the submission rate, concurrency, pacing algorithm, and whether the generator throttles itself after errors or queue growth. If the generator cannot keep up, the result measures the generator rather than the chain.
Run a load ladder instead of one “maximum” test. Begin below the expected capacity, increase the offered rate in defined steps, and hold each step long enough to observe queue behavior and latency. At every step capture:
- offered transactions per second;
- successful, failed, and pending counts;
- median and tail latency;
- mempool or queue depth;
- CPU, memory, storage, and network utilization; and
- the point at which the system stops draining work between submission bursts.
Separate a short burst result from sustainable throughput. A burst can fill available block space or queues and then produce a long recovery period. A sustainable result requires the system to continue accepting and completing work without unbounded backlog for the stated duration.
Measure latency and define finality
Use a latency distribution
Timestamp at least the client submission, node acceptance, inclusion, confirmation, and finality events that your question requires. Report median and tail percentiles such as p95 or p99 when the sample is large enough, plus the number of observations. Averages alone hide a minority of transactions that wait through several blocks.
State whether the clock starts when the workload generator sends the request or when a node accepts it. Synchronize clocks across machines and record clock uncertainty. If a transaction is retried, identify the original attempt and avoid counting replacement attempts as additional successful user actions.
Do not treat confirmation and finality as synonyms
“Included” means a block contains the transaction. “Confirmed” must name the confirmation rule, such as a block count or application policy. “Finalized” must identify the protocol endpoint and its assumptions. Ethereum’s proof-of-stake documentation describes finality through supermajority links between checkpoints. Its roadmap page, updated July 23, 2026, describes Ethereum block finality as taking about 15 minutes. That is a dated, Ethereum-specific description, not a universal latency threshold for every chain or workload.
When a benchmark reports TPS without saying whether the numerator is included or finalized transactions, readers cannot tell whether it measures user-visible settlement or only block production.
Separate execution, networking, and consensus boundaries
Instrument the path in stages where possible:
- Submission: the workload generator sends a signed transaction.
- Acceptance: a node validates and accepts it into a local queue or mempool.
- Propagation: peers receive the transaction and the block carrying it.
- Execution: a client applies the state transition.
- Inclusion: a block containing the transaction is accepted according to the selected rule.
- Finality: the protocol or stated confirmation policy makes the result sufficiently irreversible for the benchmark’s purpose.
Local execution throughput can be much higher than end-to-end throughput if propagation, storage, validator scheduling, or consensus becomes the bottleneck. Conversely, a network can show a high inclusion rate while application success is low because many included calls revert.
Rank #3
- 【Large size】：Measuring 800 x 300 mm/ 31. 5×12 inches, which is wider and taller than others. Large mouse pad can perfectly fit your keyboard and mouse of any size, and there is also ample space for peripherals such as phones, tablets, etc.
- 【LED backlight mouse pad】：Blade Hawks RGB mouse pad provides 7 static modes and 7 dynamic modes will give you the options you are looking for. Power-off memory function remembers the last lighting mode you selected. The super glow fiber Chroma will give you a colorful gaming setup that you want.
- 【Anti-slip rubber base】：Made from Natural rubber, this gaming mousepad will firmly grip your desktop, allowing you to enjoy the ultimate precision in the games you are most passionate about. It also comes with a texture that enhances this ability even further.
- 【Smooth and waterproof surface】: Micro-textured cloth surface, for extremely precise mouse control and a smooth movement. When liquid splashes on the gaming mouse pad, it forms water droplets and slides down. Will not delay your work or gameplay.
- 【Plug and play】: This mouse and keyboard pad is powered by USB, plug and play, no driver required. One button control light modes. Press one time to change the lighting mode, press twice to change the brightness, press and hold about 3 seconds turn ON/OFF.
Document the environment so another team can repeat it
Record the chain and layer, network name, client implementation and exact version, consensus and execution configuration, operating system, CPU model and core count, memory, storage device and filesystem, network interface, geographic placement, peer count or topology, and whether the machine is virtualized. Include container limits, governor settings, database configuration, pruning mode, cache state, and any non-default gas or block limits.
Identify the workload generator, its version and source, key-management method, account-funding procedure, RPC path, and monitoring system. Save the transaction corpus, random seeds, configuration files, logs, block identifiers, and raw timing data. A result that cannot be rerun from those artifacts is a one-off observation rather than a reproducible benchmark.
Repeat each condition. Report the number of runs, warm-up policy, run-to-run spread, and reasons for excluding any run. If results vary with peer placement, time of day, or validator participation, show that variation rather than selecting the most favorable run.
Free tools Windows power users keep installed
One-click scans. No signup required.
A practical benchmark procedure
- Write the protocol. Define the transaction types, workload mix, success endpoint, latency endpoints, run duration, warm-up, drain period, load steps, and stopping conditions before generating traffic.
- Prepare an isolated environment. Use a dedicated machine or explicitly record shared-resource interference. Pin software versions and configuration, synchronize clocks, and verify storage and network headroom.
- Validate the generator. Run at low load and confirm that every generated transaction can be uniquely tracked from submission through the selected endpoint. Check that signing, nonce management, fee selection, and retries are not limiting the test.
- Measure a baseline. Record idle resource use, block interval, ordinary queue depth, and a low-rate latency distribution before saturation.
- Apply a load ladder. Increase offered rate in documented steps. Hold each step for a fixed interval after warm-up, and retain raw counts for successes, failures, and pending work.
- Run a sustained condition. Hold a rate that the system can drain continuously for the planned duration. This is the primary result for “sustainable TPS,” not the highest transient spike.
- Observe recovery. Stop submissions and measure how long queues and latency take to return to baseline. A system that needs a long recovery after a short burst should not have its burst rate presented as ordinary capacity.
- Repeat and perturb. Repeat the run, then vary one factor at a time—workload mix, client, hardware, peer placement, or configuration—so causal conclusions remain attributable.
- Publish raw evidence. Include the protocol, environment, block or batch identifiers, time series, percentile calculations, exclusions, and scripts or instructions needed to reproduce the result.
What EIP-7904 demonstrates—and what it does not
Ethereum EIP-7904 is a useful example of a bounded empirical benchmark. It constructs synthetic blocks to isolate EVM operations, varies execution counts and operation parameters, repeats tests to account for timing variability, and uses Benchmarkoor to collect block execution time and operation counts. The latest run described measures Besu, Erigon, ethrex, Geth, Nethermind, and Reth.
The proposal uses 100 million gas per second as the target throughput for its compute-cost analysis and reports that each examined operation and precompile performed at or above that target under the current gas schedule. This is not a live-chain TPS claim. EIP-7904 explicitly limits its scope to computational complexity measured as execution time on a bare CPU and excludes network-related costs such as state persistence. Its result answers “how quickly can these operations execute under this controlled method?” rather than “how many end-user transactions can the network finalize per second?”
The distinction is important when designing your own test: isolate an operation when you need to compare client execution, but add propagation, persistence, consensus, and finality measurements when you need an end-to-end throughput result.
Keep theoretical, synthetic, and production results separate
| Result type | What it measures | What it cannot establish by itself |
|---|---|---|
| Theoretical capacity | A model based on stated assumptions such as bandwidth, message size, block limits, or execution cost. | Observed performance, failure rate, latency, or finality under live conditions. |
| Synthetic operation benchmark | Controlled execution of selected operations, often on one machine or client. | Whole-network TPS, propagation, storage, consensus, or application mix. |
| End-to-end testnet or private network run | Measured submission-to-inclusion or submission-to-finality behavior under a specified topology. | Performance on a different topology, client version, validator set, or production workload. |
| Live production observation | Actual activity and latency during a stated time window. | Maximum capacity unless offered load and saturation were controlled. |
Solana’s 2018 whitepaper illustrates the first category: its calculation assumes 1 gigabit per second and a 176-byte transaction message. Those assumptions produce a theoretical capacity estimate, not a comparable end-to-end measurement. Label the model and its inputs whenever you cite it.
PC Slower Than It Used to Be?
A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Crashes, No Sound, or Screen Glitches?
Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteBenchmark layer 1 and layer 2 without mixing their rates
Rollups process transactions offchain and post compressed batches to an L1. The L2 user-transaction rate and the L1 settlement-transaction rate therefore answer different questions. Report both when the comparison needs both perspectives: how many user actions the L2 executes, and how many batches or data postings the L1 accepts and finalizes.
Rank #4
- 【Softer and More Comfortable】Vaydeer wrist rest has unique diamond pattern, which is the combination of softness and aesthetics. The materials of wrist rest are improved into higher quality memory foam and covered with silky smooth lycra. The computer wrist rest makes you as comfortable and cushiony as like rest your wrists on clouds.
- 【Ergonomic Wrist Saver】The wrist rests for keyboard and mouse comes with a 17.32×3.15×0.83 inch keyboard wrist pad and a 5.94×3.15×0.83 inch mouse wrist support. Based on ergonomic design, the unique concave shape is the perfect fit for your wrist joints. The wrist rest pad fits most computer keyboards and laptops, improve hand and wrist posture, release your wrist and arm stress.
- 【Non-Slip Rubber Bottom】Featuring an anti-skid silicone base on the bottom, this wrist keyboard support stays firmly in place on your desk, preventing the padding from sliding around, ensuring stable and consistent wrist support during extended computer sessions.
- 【Better Experience & Pain Relief】Our keyboard arm rest is beneficial to alleviate the soreness caused by direct contact and friction between your arm and a hard desk surface, reducing the risk of wrist fatigue or carpal tunnel. The soft texture of memory foam can evenly distribute the pressure around your wrists and provide good support with just enough give.
- 【Helpful in Multiple Scenarios】Whether you're working, studying, writing, typing, gaming, this keyboard and mouse rest combo is an essential accessory to add comfort and support to your hands and wrists. It’s also a great gift for men, women, family, friend, coworker, gamer, teacher, etc.
Define what “settled” means for the L2, including its challenge, proof, or finality process where applicable. Measure batch formation delay, posting delay, data size, and the endpoint at which an L2 user considers the action final. Do not divide L1 transactions by the number of L2 users or combine the two numerators into one unexplained TPS figure.
Data availability is part of the security context. Users and independent verifiers need access to data that allows proposed state changes to be checked. A high L2 rate obtained with a different data-availability model is not directly equivalent to an L1 rate with different publication and verification obligations.
Use a comparison matrix before comparing chains
| Dimension | Questions to align | Reportable result |
|---|---|---|
| Transaction semantics | Are operations, payloads, state access, and batching equivalent? | Workload definition and mix. |
| Layer | Is the number for L1 execution, L2 user activity, settlement, or a combined system? | Separate rates by layer. |
| Measurement boundary | Does the endpoint mean submission, inclusion, confirmation, or protocol finality? | Timestamped endpoint and rule. |
| Load | Was traffic below capacity, saturated, bursty, or sustained? | Offered rate, duration, and queue behavior. |
| Success | Are reverted, rejected, and pending transactions excluded or counted? | Success, failure, and pending totals. |
| Environment | Which client, version, hardware, topology, and geography were used? | Complete reproducibility record. |
| Security and data availability | What assumptions protect the state and make it independently verifiable? | Qualitative assumptions and resource costs. |
Only after these dimensions align should you compare sustainable successful throughput. Then compare latency distributions, finality semantics, resource requirements, and security or data-availability assumptions. A higher number under materially different assumptions is a different result, not proof of superior general scalability.
Analyze the results instead of reporting one peak
Plot offered load against successful throughput. The curve should rise until a knee where additional submissions produce little additional success and increasingly long queues. Report the highest rate that meets your success and latency criteria, not merely the highest observed output.
Show time-series behavior for block production, inclusion rate, queue depth, CPU, memory, storage I/O, and network traffic. A mean can conceal periodic stalls caused by garbage collection, database compaction, block propagation, or validator scheduling. Include run-to-run variation and confidence intervals or another clearly described uncertainty method when the sample supports it.
Explain whether limits came from execution, block capacity, bandwidth, storage, client scheduling, account contention, fee policy, or the workload generator. If you cannot identify the bottleneck, describe the observation as a capacity point under test conditions rather than assigning a causal explanation.
Common benchmarking failures and fixes
Counting submissions as completed transactions
Symptom: the reported TPS equals the generator’s send rate while many requests remain pending. Fix: count only transactions that reach the declared success endpoint and publish pending and failed totals.
Recommended Free Tools
Using a cheap synthetic call as general TPS
Symptom: a simple operation produces an impressive rate that an application cannot reproduce. Fix: publish the operation benchmark separately and add a workload mix with realistic state access and contention.
Best Value
- 【No Drill Mounted】Cable management tray can be assembled in as little as 3 minutes or less-simply. Side clips easily clampe the edge of desk, pass through the holes on the sides, and secure excess cables with baskets. Desk cable management supports inward or outward installation to meet your needs in different scenarios, and provides you with great convenience when collecting and organizing wires.
- 【Rubber Pad Protects Desk】Wire organizer under desk built-in soft rubber pads on the clamp protect your desk from scratches, so you will not damage your furniture or office.
- 【Sturdy and Beautiful】Cord management under desk is made of high-quality carbon steel and holds about 15 lbs. The wire basket has 2 holes on each side of the tray to enable your cables to pass freely. Cable baskets are suitable for desk thickness use from 0.4" to 2.4".
- 【Space Saving & Keep Organized】Desk cable management tray holds all your power cords, outlet strips, USB hubs and computer transformers hidden from your feet, and the data cables will not enter the vacuum cleaner to keep your desk clean and tidy. Desk wire organizer is also suitable for use in the kitchen and outdoors.
- 【Reduce Safety Risks】Cable tray under desk keeps all plugs away from your kids, no more worry about tripping. Using 2 holes wire tray saves extra space, helps you easily cabling and wire protection. The mesh design is not easy to accumulate dust, but avoids safety accidents caused by messy wires.
Reporting a burst as sustained capacity
Symptom: a short spike is followed by queue growth or long recovery. Fix: include a fixed-duration sustained run and a post-run drain measurement.
Ignoring reverted or failed execution
Symptom: included transaction count is high but successful application actions are low. Fix: classify execution outcomes and state which class enters the numerator.
Mixing finality definitions
Symptom: one chain reports inclusion while another reports protocol finality. Fix: publish separate columns for inclusion, confirmation, and finality with their exact rules.
Letting the test machine become the bottleneck
Symptom: generator CPU, RPC limits, signing, or network saturation rises before the node does. Fix: distribute generation, monitor every component, and demonstrate headroom or disclose the limiting component.
Changing several variables at once
Symptom: a result changes after a client, hardware, workload, and topology change, leaving no causal explanation. Fix: hold all but one factor constant and repeat the baseline.
A publication-ready reporting template
Put the following facts next to every headline result:
- System: chain, network, layer, client and version, consensus and execution configuration.
- Workload: transaction types, payloads, state-access pattern, contention, mix, and synthetic or replayed origin.
- Load: offered rate, concurrency, pacing, run duration, warm-up, drain, and saturation status.
- Numerator: successful definition, with failed, reverted, rejected, and pending counts.
- Timing: submission, inclusion, confirmation, and finality endpoints; median and tail latency.
- Environment: hardware, operating system, storage, network, geography, topology, and generator details.
- Evidence: repetitions, variation, raw logs, block or batch identifiers, exclusions, and analysis code.
- Context: resource consumption, security assumptions, data-availability model, and whether the result is theoretical, synthetic, testnet, or production.
A concise headline can then say, for example, “X successful finalized transactions per second for workload Y during a sustained Z-minute run,” followed immediately by the conditions that make X interpretable. Without those qualifiers, TPS is a marketing shorthand rather than a benchmark.
The Tool Desk
Outbyte PC Repair FREEClear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Outbyte Driver Updater FREEFix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →The standard for a defensible conclusion
A trustworthy benchmark lets a reader answer five questions without guessing: What was processed? Where did measurement start and end? How much load was offered? What counted as success and finality? Could another team reproduce the run? If any answer is missing, narrow the claim to the boundary actually measured.
Use headline TPS only as an index into the underlying method. The useful conclusion is the sustainable successful rate under a named workload, with latency, finality, resource requirements, and security or data-availability assumptions shown alongside it.
Quick Recap
Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.
