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Install Siege from Ubuntu’s package repository, verify the executable, then run a repeatable test that states its URL set, concurrent users, pacing, duration or repetitions, and cache condition. A conservative starting command is siege -c10 -t60S -d1 "https://example.com/": 10 simulated users for 60 seconds with a one-second pause between requests. Use a URL file for a multi-page workload, keep benchmark modes comparable, and treat the report as an observation of your client-to-server path—not a universal capacity guarantee.
What Siege does—and what a result means
Siege is a multi-threaded HTTP/FTP load tester and benchmarking utility. It creates simulated concurrent users that request a target URL or a set of URLs, then reports how the server and network path behaved during that workload. The Ubuntu invocation forms are siege [options], siege [options] <URL>, and siege [options] -f urls.txt.
A Siege result answers a narrowly defined question such as “How did these pages respond to 10 concurrent clients for 60 seconds with a one-second delay?” It does not prove that a site can sustain every future traffic pattern. CPU, database state, cache warmth, TLS termination, network distance, and the machine running Siege all influence what you observe.
Only test systems you own or are explicitly authorized to load. A sudden increase in concurrency can consume application, database, bandwidth, or rate-limit capacity and can affect real visitors.
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Prepare Ubuntu and the target
Install the package
Install Siege from Ubuntu’s configured repositories:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install siegeConfirm that the command is available and inspect the built-in usage text:
siege --version
siege --helpOn first use, Siege can create a per-user configuration directory and its configuration files. Command-line properties take precedence over properties in those files, so an explicit command records the settings that matter for a particular run.
Choose a safe target URL
Use the production-like URL you are authorized to test, and prefer HTTPS when the site supports it. Quote a URL when it contains a query string, ampersand, spaces, or other characters that your shell could interpret. For example:
siege -c2 -t30S -d2 "https://example.com/search?q=ubuntu&sort=recent"Begin with a modest load. Confirm that the page is healthy in a normal browser or with a single Siege request before increasing concurrency.
Siege controls you need to design a valid test
These switches define the workload. Changing one can make two reports answer different questions.
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| Switch | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|
-c |
Number of concurrent simulated users. | -c10 for 10 users |
-t |
Fixed run duration. The suffix identifies the unit; S denotes seconds and M denotes minutes. |
-t60S or -t2M |
-d |
Delay inserted between page requests for each simulated user. | -d1 for a one-second delay |
-b |
Benchmark mode: no delay between iterations. | -b -c10 -t30S |
-r |
Run a fixed number of repetitions instead of a time window. | -r5 |
-ronce |
Make one pass through a URL file. | -ronce -f urls.txt |
-f |
Read requests from a URL file. | -f urls.txt |
-i |
Choose URLs from the file in random order, approximating an internet-style mix rather than a fixed sequence. | -i -f urls.txt |
-g |
Inspect a transaction and response headers. | -g "https://example.com/" |
-H |
Add a request header. | -H "Accept: application/json" |
-A |
Set the user-agent string. | -A "Benchmark client" |
--no-follow |
Do not follow redirects. | --no-follow |
--no-parser |
Do not fetch page elements discovered while parsing HTML. | --no-parser |
Use either a delay or benchmark mode deliberately. A paced run with -d1 and a no-delay run with -b are not equivalent, even when concurrency and duration match.
Run a controlled single-URL benchmark
Start with a paced test
The following command is a useful first measurement:
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siege -c10 -t60S -d1 "https://example.com/"- Concurrency:
-c10creates 10 concurrent simulated users. - Run window:
-t60Skeeps the test active for 60 seconds. - Pacing:
-d1inserts a one-second pause between page requests for each user. - Target: the quoted HTTPS URL is the page being exercised.
Record the complete command, the date, the Siege and Ubuntu versions, the client host, and any notable server changes. Without that context, a number in a later report is difficult to reproduce.
Use repetitions when the unit of work is more important than elapsed time
A repetition-based run stops after a set number of iterations:
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Run a no-delay throughput-oriented test
When the question is how quickly the target handles continuously available work, use benchmark mode:
siege -b -c10 -t30S "https://example.com/"-b removes the inter-iteration delay. This can generate substantially more pressure than a human-paced workload, so use it only when that intensity is authorized and intentional. Label the report as benchmark mode; do not place it beside a delayed run and call the two directly comparable.
Test several pages with urls.txt
Create a representative URL file
Put one request per line in a text file. A small public-page example is:
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siege -c10 -t2M -d1 -f urls.txtEach simulated user works from the listed workload. The file format also supports comments, shell-style variables, and method/data forms, including POST requests:
# Public pages
https://example.com/
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Choose sequential or random URL selection
Use -i when you want Siege to choose URLs from the file in random order:
siege -i -c10 -t2M -d1 -f urls.txtA fixed order is easier to reproduce; random selection can better represent visitors who do not follow one deterministic path. Pick one policy and retain it for every run in a comparison series.
Build a workload that represents the question
- For a landing-page check, use the landing page alone.
- For a site-level view, include the pages that matter to users, such as documentation, pricing, search, or authenticated endpoints that are safe to exercise.
- Do not silently mix static pages and state-changing requests; they have different risk and server costs.
- Keep the same URL file when comparing two releases unless changing the workload is the point of the experiment.
Inspect requests before a longer run
Use the transaction inspection option to examine what Siege receives from the target:
siege -g "https://example.com/"This helps you see response headers and detect redirects or unexpected behavior before creating sustained load. The request-shaping switches are important when reproducing a client pattern:
-Hadds a header, such as an API content negotiation header or a test-specific authorization header.-Asets the user-agent string, which can affect routing, analytics, or bot controls.--no-followmeasures the initial response without automatically requesting its redirect destination.--no-parserprevents Siege from fetching page elements it discovers in HTML, narrowing the test to the explicit request set.
Document these switches. A test that follows redirects and parses page elements exercises a different request graph from one that does neither.
Design a repeatable benchmark sequence
1. Establish a low-load baseline
Run one or two concurrent users with a delay and a short, fixed duration. Verify that the expected status behavior and content are returned. If the baseline already produces errors, fix the target, authentication, DNS, TLS, or application issue before adding load.
2. Increase concurrency gradually
Raise -c in deliberate steps rather than jumping directly to a large value. Watch the target and its dependencies after each step. Stop if error rates rise sharply, latency becomes unacceptable, or the test begins affecting unrelated services.
3. Keep pacing explicit
Use -d to approximate a paced user population. Use -b only for a separately labeled saturation or throughput experiment. Never combine results from different pacing policies into one trend line without separating the series.
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4. Choose one stopping rule
A duration such as -t2M makes each run occupy the same wall-clock window. A repetition count such as -r20 makes each run perform a fixed number of iterations. Select the rule that matches the question and keep it unchanged while comparing revisions.
5. Control environmental variables
Keep the client host, network path, URL set, concurrency, duration or repetitions, pacing, and server state consistent. Note deployments, database migrations, autoscaling events, rate limits, and other changes that could alter the result.
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Understand Siege’s report
After a run, Siege reports several dimensions of the observed workload:
- Elapsed time: how long the run took.
- Total data transferred: bytes delivered during the test.
- Server response time: the observed time for responses.
- Transaction rate: completed transactions per unit of time.
- Throughput: data delivered per unit of time.
- Concurrency: the level of simultaneous activity observed.
- Successful responses: how many requests completed successfully.
Read these values together. A higher transaction rate is not automatically better if response time or failed responses also increase. Throughput can rise because responses are larger, not because the application is serving more page transactions. Concurrency describes the test pressure; it is not the same thing as the number of human visitors.
Separate client and server symptoms
If response times rise while the Siege client itself is CPU-bound or its network link is saturated, the client may be limiting the measurement. If the client remains comfortable but server response time and error counts worsen as concurrency rises, investigate the target and its dependencies. Siege shows what the client observed across the path; pair it with the server’s own logs and resource metrics when making an operational decision.
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Compare revisions without invalidating the comparison
For a meaningful before-and-after result, hold the following constant:
- the exact URL or URL file, including ordering policy;
- the
-cconcurrency value; - the
-ddelay or-bbenchmark policy; - the
-tduration or-rrepetition rule; - the client machine and network route;
- redirect, parser, header, and user-agent settings;
- authentication and test data;
- cache condition and relevant server state.
Run more than one iteration when practical and report the individual results rather than presenting an unsupported single number as a guaranteed capacity. If a release changes response size, routing, cache behavior, or the URL mix, call out that change instead of attributing every difference to code performance.
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Safety, authorization, and recovery
Before starting
- Obtain written authorization for the target and the test window.
- Identify an owner who can stop the test and observe application, database, proxy, and host metrics.
- Use non-destructive URLs and isolated data for POST requests.
- Set an initial concurrency and duration that the service can tolerate.
During the run
- Increase concurrency in steps and watch 4xx and 5xx responses, saturation, queue depth, and collateral impact.
- Stop the process if real-user traffic degrades or an upstream dependency is being overwhelmed.
- Keep the command and timestamps so responders know exactly what load was applied.
After an incident
Stop Siege, preserve the report and server logs, and return the service to its normal state. A failed or interrupted run is still useful evidence if you record where it stopped and which limit was reached; do not silently treat it as a completed benchmark.
Troubleshoot common surprises
The command cannot be found
Install the Ubuntu siege package and rerun siege --version. If installation succeeded but the shell still cannot locate the executable, check that the package installation completed in the same environment where you are running the test.
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The result is much faster than expected
Check whether you accidentally used -b, omitted the intended -d delay, targeted a cache rather than the application, or disabled parsing with --no-parser. Confirm the URL, redirects, response size, and cache condition with -g and the server logs.
Requests go to an unexpected page
Inspect redirects with -g. If the test should measure only the original response, add --no-follow; if it should include the destination, leave redirect following enabled and document that choice.
The multi-page test does not resemble visitors
Review urls.txt for missing pages, unintended POST lines, comments, variables, and ordering. Decide whether deterministic order or -i random selection matches your user journey, then use that same choice in later comparisons.
Error counts rise at higher concurrency
Reduce -c, return to the last stable level, and identify whether the errors are generated by the application, a proxy, authentication, rate limiting, or the test client. Record the first concurrency at which behavior changed instead of reporting only the largest attempted value.
A practical command set
These commands cover the most common controlled workflows:
# Inspect one transaction
siege -g "https://example.com/"
# Paced single-page run
siege -c10 -t60S -d1 "https://example.com/"
# Fixed repetitions
siege -c5 -r20 -d1 "https://example.com/"
# No-delay benchmark mode
siege -b -c10 -t30S "https://example.com/"
# Representative URL file
siege -c10 -t2M -d1 -f urls.txt
# Random URL selection from the file
siege -i -c10 -t2M -d1 -f urls.txt
# One pass through the URL file
siege -ronce -f urls.txtFor every command, retain the exact options, target, URL-file revision, cache condition, and environment notes. That record is what turns a one-off load exercise into a result another engineer can reproduce and interpret.
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