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The reliable pattern is to let CircleCI run your tests, then—only when they pass—open an SSH connection to a prepared VPS and run an idempotent deployment script. Connect the GitHub repository to CircleCI, store the VPS address and user as protected variables, add a dedicated SSH key, and place the deployment job after the build job in a workflow filtered to your release branch, commonly main.
This arrangement keeps source checkout, testing, approvals, secrets, deployment history, and rollback controls in the CI system while the VPS remains responsible for running the application.
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What the finished pipeline does
A deployment pipeline has a clear boundary between CI and the server. CircleCI checks out the commit from GitHub, installs the dependencies required for verification, runs the test suite, and creates whatever release input your application needs. A separate deploy job then loads an SSH key and connects to the VPS as a restricted deployment user. The remote command updates the intended revision, installs production dependencies, performs safe migrations, restarts the service, and checks the application before returning success.
The workflow dependency is important: the deploy job must declare the build job in requires. A branch filter prevents feature-branch pushes from changing production. If your release process needs a human decision, insert a manual approval job between the successful build and deployment.
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Prerequisites and decisions
Have these items ready before writing the configuration:
- A GitHub repository containing the application and a committed
.circleci/config.ymlfile. - A CircleCI project connected to that repository.
- A reachable Linux VPS with SSH access and a known hostname or IP address.
- A dedicated VPS account for deployments, rather than a personal account or unrestricted root login.
- The application runtime, process supervisor, web-server configuration, and operating-system packages required by the application.
- An application directory such as
/srv/my-app, with ownership and permissions assigned to the deployment account. - A deployment strategy: remote Git checkout, file or artifact upload, or a container image.
- A health endpoint or equivalent command that can prove the newly started service is usable.
- A defined rollback target, such as the previous release directory, a previous artifact, or a previous container tag.
Decide which branch represents a production release. The examples below use main; change that value if your release branch has another name. Also decide whether migrations can run automatically. Only put reversible, well-tested migrations in the unattended path; destructive schema changes should use a separately approved procedure.
Connect GitHub to CircleCI
- In CircleCI, choose the GitHub project you want to build and follow the project setup flow.
- Create
.circleci/config.ymlin the repository root. CircleCI will use that file for subsequent pipelines. - Commit and push the file. The first pipeline should appear in the CircleCI project dashboard.
With CircleCI’s GitHub App integration, source checkout uses HTTPS, so the repository does not need an SSH deploy key merely for CircleCI to read the code. The key used to reach your VPS is a separate credential and should be managed independently. OAuth-based pipelines may use a read-only GitHub deploy key for checkout; an additional key can be attached to a job with CircleCI’s add_ssh_keys step.
Prepare the VPS safely
Create a least-privileged deployment account
Create a user whose only purpose is to deploy and operate the application. Give it ownership of the release directory and only the narrowly scoped sudo permissions it needs, such as restarting one systemd unit. Do not grant unrestricted sudo when a command-specific rule is sufficient. Disable password authentication for this account if your operational policy allows it, and use key authentication instead.
Install the runtime and supervisor
Install the language runtime, package manager, system libraries, and process supervisor required by the application. A systemd unit, another supervisor, or a container runtime should have a stable service name that the deployment script can restart. Configure log retention and resource limits before the first automated release; otherwise a successful SSH command can still leave an unhealthy service.
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Create the application and release locations
Keep the application in a predictable path and make the remote script safe to run repeatedly. A simple Git-based layout can use /srv/my-app as the working tree. A release-directory layout can use paths such as /srv/my-app/releases/<revision> and a current symlink, retaining the previous release for immediate rollback. Whichever layout you choose, ensure the deployment account can read and write the locations it needs and that the service account can read the final release.
Install the CircleCI public key
Generate a deployment key locally and append only its public half to the deployment user’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on the VPS. Restrict the key to the expected source and command where practical. Confirm that the account can log in with the key before wiring it into a pipeline.
Generate and register the SSH key
- On a secure workstation, generate an Ed25519 key:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C 'your_email@example.com' - Copy the public key to the VPS deployment account’s
authorized_keysfile. Never copy the private key to the server or commit it to Git. - In CircleCI, open Project Settings → SSH Keys → Additional SSH Keys and add the private key.
- Limit the key’s hostname to the VPS whenever the CircleCI interface offers that option. A host restriction reduces the damage caused by accidental use in another job.
- Use the
add_ssh_keysstep in the deploy job so the key is available to the machine executor. If the project has several additional keys, select the deployment key by its CircleCI fingerprint.
Keep this key dedicated to one environment. Production and staging should use different keys and different VPS accounts, so a staging job cannot authenticate to production by mistake. Rotate project keys periodically and immediately revoke a key if it may have been exposed.
Store connection settings as protected variables
Add SSH_USER and SSH_HOST as CircleCI project variables or, preferably for shared production controls, as context environment variables. The values should contain only the deployment username and the VPS hostname or address. Do not place either value, and especially not private key material, in the repository.
Environment variables are not a substitute for access control. Limit which projects and workflows can use a production context, and review who can edit that context. Keep the private key in CircleCI’s SSH-key store rather than encoding it in an environment variable.
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Define build, test, and deployment jobs
The following configuration shows the essential dependency and branch gate. The test command is intentionally an application-owned script: it should install or verify dependencies, run unit and integration tests, and produce the release input expected by the VPS.
version: 2.1
jobs:
build:
docker:
- image: 'cimg/base:current'
steps:
- checkout
- run:
name: Run build and tests
command: ./ci/test.sh
deploy:
machine:
image: 'ubuntu-2404:current'
steps:
- add_ssh_keys
- run:
name: Deploy over SSH
command: ssh "$SSH_USER@$SSH_HOST" "/usr/local/bin/deploy-my-app"
workflows:
build-and-deploy:
jobs:
- build
- deploy:
requires: [build]
filters:
branches:
only: mainThe build job runs in a Docker executor, while the deploy job uses a machine executor so it has a conventional SSH client and a full virtual machine environment. The exact executor image, language setup, caches, and test commands depend on your stack. Keep production packaging in the build job when you want the server to receive an immutable artifact rather than compile source during deployment.
Use a manual approval gate when required
For a release that needs a human check, add CircleCI’s approval job after build and make deploy require both the successful build and the approval. Restrict the approval and deployment jobs to the same release branch. This preserves the automatic test gate while preventing an unreviewed production change.
Write an idempotent remote deployment script
CircleCI only guarantees the SSH boundary; the remote script must encode your application’s release procedure. It should stop on errors, select an explicit revision, avoid deleting the last known-good release, and return a nonzero status if the service or health check fails. A Git-based example is:
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APP_DIR='/srv/my-app'
SERVICE='my-app.service'
HEALTH_URL='http://127.0.0.1:8080/health'
cd "$APP_DIR"
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./ci/install-production.sh
# Run this only when the migration is safe for an unattended release.
./ci/migrate.sh
sudo systemctl restart "$SERVICE"
sudo systemctl is-active --quiet "$SERVICE"
curl --fail --silent --show-error "$HEALTH_URL" >/dev/null
printf '%sn' 'Deployment and health check succeeded.'Install the script as /usr/local/bin/deploy-my-app, make it executable, and allow the deployment account to run only the required service-restart command without a password. Replace the Git, dependency, migration, service, and health-check commands with those used by your application. If deployment receives an artifact instead of pulling Git, verify its checksum, unpack it into a new release directory, switch the current link atomically, and retain the previous link until the health check passes.
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Do not make the script depend on an interactive shell profile. Set required paths explicitly, select the production environment deliberately, and make repeated runs converge on the same desired state. If a migration fails, exit before restarting the service unless your rollback design explicitly handles the partially migrated schema.
Choose how the release reaches the VPS
| Transport | How it works | Advantages | Risks and requirements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Git checkout | The VPS fetches the selected branch or commit over SSH or HTTPS and checks it out. | Simple server script; easy to inspect the deployed revision. | The server needs repository access and a clean working tree; builds can consume production CPU and network time. |
| Rsync or artifact upload | CircleCI packages the tested output and transfers it over SSH, then the server activates it. | The VPS receives exactly what CI tested; release directories and checksum verification are straightforward. | The pipeline must retain artifacts and implement transfer, extraction, ownership, and cleanup. |
| Container image | CI builds and publishes an image; the VPS pulls a digest or immutable tag and restarts the service. | Runtime dependencies are bundled and rollback can select a previous image. | The VPS needs a container runtime, registry credentials, image cleanup, and health-aware replacement. |
Choose one transport per environment and record the deployed commit, artifact checksum, or image digest in your deployment log. A mutable tag or an unpinned branch makes it difficult to prove what production is running.
Control when production can change
The branch filter in the workflow is a release policy, not a substitute for tests. Keep the test and build checks on every branch or pull request, then allow the production job only on the branch that represents an approved release. If releases are created from tags, use a tag filter instead of silently deploying every push to main.
For high-risk systems, combine successful tests with a manual approval, a change window, or an environment-specific context. Keep staging and production workflows separate when they require different keys, hosts, or migration policies. A failed deploy must fail the CircleCI job; do not hide remote errors behind a shell command that always exits successfully.
Verify SSH host identity
SSH authentication proves that CircleCI has the private key; host-key verification proves that it is talking to the intended VPS. Obtain the VPS host-key fingerprint through a trusted channel, then install the matching entry in the deploy job’s known_hosts file. Do not disable host-key checking as a shortcut. If the VPS is rebuilt and its host key legitimately changes, update the stored entry through a reviewed change rather than accepting an unexpected key automatically.
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Test the exact noninteractive command from a disposable CircleCI job or equivalent environment. The command should connect using the configured user and host, find the deployment script on the server, and exit cleanly without requesting a password or terminal.
Make rollback a normal operation
A rollback should select a known-good release, not rebuild an old commit under pressure. Keep the previous release directory, artifact, or container image until the new version has passed its health check and an agreed retention period. Provide a separate, audited command that switches back, restarts the service, and verifies health.
Database changes require their own compatibility plan. A code rollback cannot safely undo every schema change. Prefer expand-and-contract migrations: add compatible schema first, deploy code that uses it, remove obsolete fields only after older code is no longer needed. When an automatic rollback is unsafe, stop the deployment and require an operator to decide.
Deployment visibility and release validation
Use CircleCI deploy markers to create a deployment timeline in the web application. Record the environment, revision, and outcome so an incident responder can correlate a service change with an alert. CircleCI also documents deploy and rollback pipelines and release validation; Smart Deployments can perform an automatic rollback when a monitored signal fails, provided that feature is configured for the environment. Treat monitoring criteria and rollback behavior as production configuration and test them before relying on them during an incident.
Security checklist
- Use a dedicated deployment user with the smallest practical filesystem and sudo permissions.
- Store the private key in CircleCI project or organization secrets; never commit it or print it in job output.
- Use separate keys, contexts, users, and hosts for staging and production.
- Restrict the additional SSH key to the VPS hostname where possible and rotate it periodically.
- Verify the VPS host key and retain strict SSH checking.
- Keep
SSH_USERandSSH_HOSTin protected variables rather than source control. - Mask application tokens, registry credentials, and database passwords in CircleCI contexts.
- Pin releases to a commit, checksum, or image digest instead of an unreviewed mutable reference.
- Ensure the remote script fails on errors and performs a health check before reporting success.
- Retain a previous release and document the rollback command.
- Review CircleCI project settings, contexts, and workflow permissions whenever team membership changes.
Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Corrective action |
|---|---|---|
Permission denied (publickey) |
The wrong key was loaded, the public key is absent from authorized_keys, or the VPS account has incorrect permissions. |
Confirm the key is under Additional SSH Keys, run add_ssh_keys, verify the username, and check ownership and mode of the account’s SSH files. |
| Host key verification failed | The job has no trusted entry or the VPS fingerprint changed. | Install the verified host key in known_hosts; investigate any unexpected change before accepting it. |
| SSH connects but the script is not found | The path differs, the file is not executable, or the deployment account cannot traverse its directory. | Use an absolute path, run chmod on the server, and test the command as the same deployment user. |
| Tests pass but deployment does not run | The workflow dependency or branch filter excludes the pipeline. | Inspect the workflow graph and confirm the commit is on the configured release branch; verify that deploy requires build. |
| Deployment reports success but the service is down | The script does not check service state or an application health endpoint. | Use a failing exit status for restart errors, check the supervisor status, and curl a local health URL before returning success. |
| Second run behaves differently | The script leaves untracked files, relies on mutable state, or is not idempotent. | Reset or replace the release deterministically, pin the revision, make ownership explicit, and test two consecutive runs. |
| Migration breaks rollback | The schema change is incompatible with the previous application version. | Adopt backward-compatible migrations or require manual approval for schema operations; keep code and database rollback plans separate. |
Compare VPS choices for this workflow
The CI design does not select a particular hosting company. When evaluating a Linux VPS, compare the attributes that affect both availability and deployment operations:
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| Region | Is the data center close to users and compliant with your data-residency needs? |
| CPU and RAM | Can the server run the application, supervisor, logging, and deployment tasks without exhausting memory during a release? |
| Storage | Is the disk type fast enough for builds and database workloads, and is there sufficient space for retained releases? |
| Bandwidth | Are transfer limits compatible with artifact downloads, backups, and normal traffic? |
| Backups | Are snapshots automated, restorable, and independent of the VPS disk? |
| Networking | Are IPv4 and IPv6 available as required, and can SSH be restricted by firewall rules? |
| Support and recovery | Can you recover console access if SSH configuration fails, and what response is available for host or disk problems? |
| Total monthly cost | What are the recurring compute, storage, backup, bandwidth, and address charges for the region and specification you need? |
CircleCI supplies the workflow controls—environment variables, SSH keys, manual approval, deploy markers, rollback pipelines, and release validation—but it does not remove the operational responsibility of patching and backing up the VPS.
Final pre-production checklist
- Push a harmless change to a non-release branch and confirm checkout and tests work.
- Verify that the production context is unavailable to jobs that should not deploy.
- Run the SSH command with the exact deployment user and host from a controlled job.
- Confirm strict host-key checking succeeds.
- Run the remote script twice and inspect that the second run produces the same desired state.
- Force a health-check failure in staging and confirm CircleCI marks the deployment failed.
- Exercise the documented rollback path and verify the previous release serves traffic.
- Trigger a release-branch build and confirm deployment begins only after the build succeeds.
- Check the CircleCI deployment timeline and the VPS service logs for the revision that was activated.
Conclusion
A dependable CircleCI-to-VPS deployment is a small, explicit system: GitHub supplies the change, CircleCI proves it, SSH transports the command, and a least-privileged VPS script activates and verifies the release. The essential safeguards are the requires dependency, release-branch gate, protected SSH credentials, strict host verification, idempotent remote procedure, health check, and tested rollback. Once those pieces are in place, you can change the release transport or hosting specification without changing the core safety model.
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