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Use a Chef InSpec profile to audit PostgreSQL in two layers: operating-system checks prove that the expected packages, service, account, process, listener, and configuration are present; a postgres_session check proves database state such as role privileges and login capability. The workflow below installs PostgreSQL from Ubuntu packages, creates a reusable profile, keeps version-dependent paths in attributes, checks pg_hba.conf, and runs locally or over SSH.
What this audit can prove
InSpec is an open-source testing framework for infrastructure compliance and policy checks. A PostgreSQL audit profile turns your requirements into repeatable controls that produce human-readable and machine-readable results. It is more useful than a one-time command session because the same controls can be run against a workstation, a server, or a remote Ubuntu target after each configuration change.
| Audit layer | What it verifies | Typical InSpec resource |
|---|---|---|
| Installation | Required PostgreSQL package and minimum major version | package |
| Service | Unit exists, starts at boot, and is currently running | service |
| Operating system | postgres account and process ownership |
user, processes |
| Network | Approved port, address, and transport protocol are listening | port |
| Server configuration | Logging and connection settings in postgresql.conf |
postgres_conf |
| Client authentication | pg_hba.conf rules match the approved policy |
file, command |
| Database state | Roles, privileges, login flags, or application-specific SQL results | postgres_session |
Keep the layers separate in your profile. A passing service check does not prove that an application role has the right privileges, and a successful SQL query does not prove that the host is listening only on an approved interface.
Prerequisites and version cautions
- An Ubuntu host with
sudoaccess. The procedure applies to Ubuntu generally; the detailed walkthrough commonly associated with this profile uses Ubuntu 18.04 and PostgreSQL 10 names. - Internet or an internal Ubuntu package mirror for installation.
- Chef InSpec installed on the machine from which you will run the profile. Ubuntu is supported as both a runtime and a remote target.
- For database-level controls, a PostgreSQL account whose credentials can be supplied securely at run time.
Package names, systemd unit names, configuration directories, authentication defaults, and supported InSpec releases change with the Ubuntu release and PostgreSQL major version. Treat every version-specific value in the examples as an attribute to confirm on the target rather than as a universal constant. The examples below use PostgreSQL 10 identifiers only where the Ubuntu 18.04 walkthrough does.
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Install PostgreSQL and verify its defaults
Install from Ubuntu packages
sudo apt update
sudo apt install postgresqlThe Ubuntu package installs a cluster and supplies viable defaults. On current Ubuntu documentation, local connections default to peer authentication, while host (TCP) connections default to scram-sha-256. Confirm the actual files on your release before encoding those values as policy; older releases and upgraded clusters can differ.
Check the service and cluster
sudo systemctl status postgresql
sudo systemctl is-enabled postgresql
sudo systemctl is-active postgresql
pg_lsclusterspg_lsclusters is useful on Ubuntu because it shows the cluster version, name, port, status, data directory, and log file. If your installation uses a versioned unit such as postgresql@10-main, use that unit in the InSpec control instead of the umbrella postgresql service.
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Confirm authentication behavior without weakening it
Inspect the active host-based authentication file and test through the same local or TCP path that applications use. Do not replace peer or encrypted host authentication merely to make a test pass. The Ubuntu documentation also shows a hostssl rule that rejects non-SSL TCP connections; its example certificate is for testing, so production deployments should use a certificate chain signed by a trusted authority.
Install InSpec and create a profile
Install and invoke InSpec
Install a supported InSpec release using the package method documented by the project for Ubuntu, then verify the executable:
inspec version
inspec help execKeep the InSpec version under your normal change-control process. Resource behavior and licensing terms can change, so validate the release you standardize on against the Ubuntu versions you operate.
Generate the profile skeleton
inspec init profile PostgreSQL
cd PostgreSQL
find . -maxdepth 2 -type f -printA minimal profile contains inspec.yml and a controls/ directory. Put controls in a file such as controls/postgresql.rb. Use a meaningful profile name and description in inspec.yml so reports identify the purpose and owner.
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Do not hard-code the configuration directory throughout Ruby controls. Define the values once and override them per platform, image, or cluster:
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name: PostgreSQL
title: PostgreSQL compliance profile
maintainer: Platform Security
version: 1.0.0
attributes:
- name: postgres_package
type: string
default: postgresql-10
- name: postgres_service
type: string
default: postgresql@10-main
- name: postgres_conf_dir
type: string
default: /etc/postgresql/10/main
- name: postgres_port
type: integer
default: 5432
- name: postgres_listen_address
type: string
default: 127.0.0.1For another PostgreSQL major version, set the package, unit, and directory attributes to the values installed on that host. If a distribution uses a different layout, override the attributes rather than forking every control.
Audit package installation and service state
Package and minimum version
The package resource can assert both installation and a minimum version. The comparison is against the package version reported by Ubuntu, not a claim about the newest PostgreSQL release available upstream.
control 'postgresql-installation' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL installation'
desc 'The approved PostgreSQL package is installed at the required version.'
describe package(attribute('postgres_package')) do
it { should be_installed }
its('version') { should cmp >= '10' }
end
endSet the package and minimum version to your approved baseline. A control that expects postgresql-10 will fail on a host intentionally running another major version unless its attributes are changed.
Enabled and running service
control 'postgresql-service' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL service state'
describe service(attribute('postgres_service')) do
it { should be_installed }
it { should be_enabled }
it { should be_running }
end
endSome Ubuntu installations expose a generic postgresql unit and manage the actual cluster with a versioned unit. Audit the unit that owns the cluster you intend to protect. If the service is disabled intentionally for a standby or maintenance host, encode that exception as a separate profile input rather than silently removing the assertion.
Check the operating-system account and PostgreSQL process
Verify the service account
control 'postgresql-account' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit the PostgreSQL operating-system account'
describe user('postgres') do
it { should exist }
its('shell') { should_not eq '/bin/bash' }
end
endThe existence check is the essential assertion. The shell check is optional and should match your hardening standard; some organizations deliberately assign a different non-login shell.
Verify process ownership
control 'postgresql-process' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL process ownership'
describe processes('postgres') do
it { should exist }
its('users') { should include 'postgres' }
end
endProcess names can vary by packaging and executable path. If your host reports a different name, discover it with ps -ef or pgrep -a postgres and set a profile attribute or adjust the resource selector. The purpose is to ensure the server is not running as an unexpected privileged account.
Audit the network listener
A running service can still expose an unsafe network surface. Check the approved port, address, and protocol together:
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control 'postgresql-listener' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit the PostgreSQL network listener'
describe port(attribute('postgres_port')) do
it { should be_listening }
its('addresses') { should include attribute('postgres_listen_address') }
its('protocols') { should include 'tcp' }
end
endUse the address policy that matches your design. A loopback-only listener is appropriate for a database used only by local applications; a private interface or approved subnet may be required for an application tier. If PostgreSQL listens on multiple addresses, test the complete approved set and separately flag unexpected listeners. Also check that host-based authentication rules restrict the same network ranges; a listener check alone cannot enforce authorization.
Check postgresql.conf with postgres_conf
Keep the configuration directory portable
The postgres_conf resource reads PostgreSQL settings from the configuration directory. Ubuntu 18.04 examples use /etc/postgresql/10/main, but the path differs by operating system and major version. Build the path from the attribute:
control 'postgresql-logging' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL connection logging'
describe postgres_conf(attribute('postgres_conf_dir')) do
its('log_connections') { should eq 'on' }
its('log_disconnections') { should eq 'on' }
its('log_duration') { should eq 'on' }
end
endUse the values required by your policy. The same resource can test any PostgreSQL configuration option, including connection behavior and other logging settings. Pay attention to PostgreSQL’s accepted representations: a setting may be returned as on/off, a number, or a quoted string depending on the parameter.
Confirm which file is active
Ubuntu may include additional configuration fragments, and an administrator can change the active file location. Before relying on a path, identify the running cluster’s configuration with PostgreSQL tooling or the cluster metadata shown by pg_lsclusters. If a setting is managed through an include file, make the control inspect the effective source your change process owns, or add a database-level query for the effective value.
Audit client authentication in pg_hba.conf
Authentication rules are order-sensitive: PostgreSQL uses the first matching line. A secure-looking rule later in the file does not protect a connection that already matched an earlier broad rule.
Check file ownership and mode
control 'postgresql-hba-file' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit pg_hba.conf ownership and permissions'
hba = "#{attribute('postgres_conf_dir')}/pg_hba.conf"
describe file(hba) do
it { should exist }
its('owner') { should eq 'postgres' }
its('group') { should eq 'postgres' }
its('mode') { should cmp <= '0640' }
end
endOwnership and mode requirements vary by package and local policy. If Ubuntu assigns a different group or mode on your release, set the approved value rather than treating the example as universal.
Inspect rules, not just one substring
For a small, tightly controlled file, a command or file control can assert that required rules exist and forbidden broad rules are absent. Avoid a naïve substring test that can match a commented line or the wrong column. A practical approach is to remove comments, split fields, and compare normalized records:
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control 'postgresql-hba-policy' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL client authentication rules'
hba = "#{attribute('postgres_conf_dir')}/pg_hba.conf"
describe command("awk '!/^([[:space:]]*#|[[:space:]]*$)/ {print}' #{hba}") do
its('stdout') { should match(/^[[:space:]]*local[[:space:]]+all[[:space:]]+all[[:space:]]+peer([[:space:]]|$)/) }
its('stdout') { should match(/^[[:space:]]*host[[:space:]]+all[[:space:]]+all[[:space:]]+[^[:space:]]+[[:space:]]+scram-sha-256([[:space:]]|$)/) }
end
endUse your actual database names, role names, CIDR ranges, and TLS requirements in these expressions. Current Ubuntu documentation describes peer for local connections and scram-sha-256 for host connections, but a production policy may require narrower ranges, named roles, or hostssl rules that reject unencrypted TCP. Test the rule order with representative connection attempts.
Use postgres_session for database-level assertions
Host resources cannot prove catalog state. To test whether an application role can log in, owns an object, or has a prohibited privilege, create a PostgreSQL session and query the catalog or an approved test view.
Supply credentials as attributes
attributes:
- name: db_user
type: string
default: postgres
- name: db_password
type: string
required: true
- name: db_host
type: string
default: 127.0.0.1
- name: db_port
type: integer
default: 5432Do not commit a real password to inspec.yml or the control file. Inject it through your secret store, an ephemeral attribute file with restricted permissions, or the execution mechanism used by your CI system. Ensure command output and InSpec reports do not echo the credential.
Query role login capability
control 'postgresql-roles' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit application role login capability'
sql = postgres_session(
attribute('db_user'),
attribute('db_password'),
attribute('db_host'),
attribute('db_port')
)
describe sql.query(
"SELECT rolcanlogin FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = 'app_user';",
['postgres']
) do
its('rows.first.rolcanlogin') { should eq true }
end
endThe session constructor accepts username, password, host, port, and an optional socket path. Use a socket when the policy intentionally tests local peer or socket behavior; use a host and port when you need to test TCP authentication. Query only the columns and rows needed for the assertion, and handle a missing role explicitly so an empty result cannot be mistaken for success.
Examples of useful SQL checks
- Confirm that an application role exists and has
rolcanloginset as intended. - Check membership in approved roles through PostgreSQL catalog views.
- Detect superuser or replication privileges that are forbidden for application accounts.
- Assert an application-specific setting or extension is present in the intended database.
Database queries require a connection that can read the relevant catalog information. If the audit account lacks permission, treat that as a credential or authorization finding rather than changing production privileges solely for the test.
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The following compact profile demonstrates how the layers fit together. Split it into multiple files when different teams own host, configuration, and database controls.
control 'postgresql-installation' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL installation'
describe package(attribute('postgres_package')) do
it { should be_installed }
its('version') { should cmp >= '10' }
end
end
control 'postgresql-service' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL service'
describe service(attribute('postgres_service')) do
it { should be_installed }
it { should be_enabled }
it { should be_running }
end
end
control 'postgresql-runtime' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL account, process, and listener'
describe user('postgres') { it { should exist } }
describe processes('postgres') do
it { should exist }
its('users') { should include 'postgres' }
end
describe port(attribute('postgres_port')) do
it { should be_listening }
its('protocols') { should include 'tcp' }
end
end
control 'postgresql-configuration' do
impact 1.0
title 'Audit PostgreSQL logging configuration'
describe postgres_conf(attribute('postgres_conf_dir')) do
its('log_connections') { should eq 'on' }
its('log_disconnections') { should eq 'on' }
its('log_duration') { should eq 'on' }
end
endAdd the authentication and SQL controls separately so a report clearly identifies whether a failure concerns the operating system, server configuration, access policy, or database catalog.
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Run the profile locally or over SSH
Local execution
cd PostgreSQL
inspec exec .Use elevated execution when controls need to read root-owned configuration files or inspect privileged process information:
inspec exec . --sudoRun a focused control while developing:
inspec exec . --controls postgresql-hba-policyRemote Ubuntu execution
inspec exec . -t ssh://audit@db01.example.internal --sudoUse your organization’s SSH key, bastion, host-key verification, and privilege-escalation settings. The remote account needs enough access for the selected controls; database-level checks still need PostgreSQL credentials that can connect from the execution context.
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Pass environment-specific attributes
Override package names, paths, ports, and credentials without editing the profile. For example, provide a protected attribute file for a PostgreSQL 14 cluster whose configuration directory is different from the Ubuntu 18.04 example, then run the same command with that file. Keep secret files outside source control and delete temporary copies after execution.
Interpret failures and remediate safely
| Failure category | Likely cause | Safe next check |
|---|---|---|
| Package or version | Wrong major version, incomplete package installation, or stale attribute | Compare dpkg -l and apt-cache policy with the approved baseline; update the attribute only if the version is intentional. |
| Service | Cluster unit differs, service is stopped, or startup is disabled | Run systemctl status on the exact unit and inspect journal output before restarting. |
| Process/account | Process selector does not match the package, or ownership is unsafe | Inspect ps -ef; correct the selector or investigate why PostgreSQL is not running as the expected account. |
| Listener | Port, address, or protocol differs from policy | Check effective listen_addresses, firewall rules, and ss -ltnp; do not broaden the listener merely to satisfy a test. |
| Configuration | Wrong directory, include file, spelling, or value representation | Confirm the active cluster path and effective setting, then change the managed configuration and reload deliberately. |
| Authentication | Rule order, broad CIDR, cleartext method, or missing TLS requirement | Normalize active lines, test representative local and TCP connections, and tighten the earliest matching rule. |
| SQL session | Bad credentials, unreachable socket, missing permission, or unexpected catalog state | Test the same connection parameters with a controlled client and grant only the minimum audit visibility required. |
After a remediation, rerun the affected control and then the complete profile. A profile should report the remaining policy gap, not conceal it through a local exception.
Design choices for a maintainable audit
| Choice | Less maintainable approach | Preferred approach |
|---|---|---|
| Coverage | Only check that the service is running | Combine host, configuration, authentication, and SQL controls. |
| Portability | Repeat /etc/postgresql/10/main in every control |
Store paths, package names, units, and ports as profile attributes. |
| Credentials | Embed a password in Ruby or source control | Inject secrets at runtime and restrict report/log exposure. |
| Connectivity | Test only the local socket | Choose local or TCP deliberately and include SSH execution for remote hosts. |
| Authentication policy | Search for an unanchored text fragment | Parse active rules, account for first-match order, and test representative clients. |
| Remediation | Change settings until the test turns green | Map each failure to an approved owner and change record, then rerun. |
Operational checklist
- Record the Ubuntu release, PostgreSQL major version, cluster name, service unit, port, and configuration directory used for the run.
- Set the profile attributes to those discovered values; do not assume PostgreSQL 10 names on a newer or older cluster.
- Run package, service, account, process, and listener controls before attempting SQL assertions.
- Verify the effective
pg_hba.conforder and test both local and TCP authentication paths required by applications. - Use
postgres_conffor server settings andpostgres_sessionfor catalog state; neither replaces the other. - Run locally with
inspec exec ., add--sudoonly when required, and use SSH targets for remote Ubuntu hosts. - Store credentials outside the profile and review generated reports for accidental secret disclosure.
- Re-run the complete profile after upgrades, cluster moves, authentication changes, or network-listener changes.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does this profile work unchanged on every Ubuntu release?
No. Package names, systemd units, configuration paths, authentication defaults, and InSpec support vary. Use attributes and confirm the active cluster values on each target.
Can host-level InSpec resources verify PostgreSQL role privileges?
No. Use postgres_session with a securely supplied credential and targeted SQL queries for roles, memberships, and other catalog state.
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Audit the unit that actually owns the cluster. Ubuntu may expose an umbrella service while the running cluster is managed by a unit such as postgresql@10-main.
Why did an authentication control pass even though a later rule is stricter?
PostgreSQL applies the first matching pg_hba.conf rule. Check active rule order and remove or narrow an earlier broad rule.
When is --sudo necessary?
Use it when controls must read root-owned files or inspect information unavailable to the execution user. Database credentials and SSH authentication remain separate concerns.
The Bottom Line
A reliable Ubuntu PostgreSQL audit combines version-aware host controls with explicit authentication and database-session checks. Parameterize paths and service names, protect credentials, and treat every failed control as a specific remediation task rather than a reason to weaken the policy.
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