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Assess an autonomous or semi-autonomous mine-clearance system as a complete safety case, not as a robot demonstration. Start with the applicable International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and national rules, define the exact task and operating environment, map hazards across hardware, software, people and infrastructure, then obtain independent, quantitative testing in representative conditions. Record failures, controls, assumptions and residual risk, and leave deployment authority with the responsible national mine-action authority and organizational quality system.
A successful trial can support planning, procurement or quality-assurance decisions. It cannot by itself certify a machine, prove an area is free of explosive ordnance, or transfer responsibility from the competent authority.
What a risk assessment must decide
Before examining sensors or autonomy software, write down the decision the assessment is intended to support. The same machine may present different risks when used for non-technical survey, technical survey, detection, mechanical ground preparation, clearance, or support to a human team. State whether the system is autonomous, semi-autonomous or remotely operated, and identify which actions remain under human authority.
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- Terrain, vegetation, soil, slopes, weather and expected contamination.
- Whether the work concerns suspected hazardous areas, confirmed hazardous areas, battle areas or another land-release category.
- Communications, positioning and power constraints, including expected outages.
- The machine’s operating boundary and the distance between people and the hazard.
- What constitutes a safe stop, a recoverable fault and an incident requiring evacuation or suspension.
- Who owns the decision to approve, pause, modify or terminate use.
IMAS 07.11 places land release in a managed process with defined responsibilities, reliable information, stakeholder engagement and alignment with national law. Read it with the applicable standards for non-technical survey, technical survey, clearance and battle-area clearance. Requirements vary by national mine-action authority, operation type and defined functional environment; do not treat a generic machine-safety reference as a substitute for those rules.
Which standards and guidance apply
No dedicated IMAS standard specifically approves autonomous mine-clearance systems. The following documents provide the most relevant framework, but each has a different purpose and scope.
| Document | Current listing or edition | How it informs an assessment | Important boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| IMAS 07.11, Land release | Second edition; latest publication listed 16 January 2026 | Sets land-release requirements, responsibilities, quality management, information and stakeholder expectations; use with related survey and clearance standards. | Does not create an autonomous-system certification route. |
| IMAS 07.14, Risk management in mine action | Published guidance; verify the live index before use | Provides organizational risk-management guidance and defines residual risk after reasonable survey and/or clearance effort. | Its treatment of explosive-ordnance and malicious-actor threats is specific to mine action; it is not a machine test protocol. |
| IMAS 03.40, Test and evaluation of mine action equipment | Edition 1, amendment 6; latest publication listed 1 June 2013 | Provides a common approach to independent testing and evaluation, quantitative evidence, suitability and effectiveness. | It describes how to evaluate equipment, not the performance of any named autonomous product. |
| IMAS 03.30, Guide to research of mine action technology | Edition 1, amendment 5; latest publication listed 1 June 2013 | Relevant when structuring technology research and development evidence. | It is guidance, not an operational approval. |
| IMAS 09.50/01, Guidance on the application of mechanical land release | Latest publication listed 2 May 2024 | Potentially relevant to mechanical systems used in land release. | Relevance depends on the proposed task and national procedures. |
| IMAS 09.50/01/2009, Machines | Test-and-evaluation protocol dated 30 June 2009 | May provide a reference where mechanical machines are involved. | Its existence does not establish a dedicated autonomous-system standard. |
| ISO 17757:2019 | 2019 edition | Addresses safety of autonomous and semi-autonomous machine systems in earth-moving and mining, including associated infrastructure, hardware, software, defined environments and life-cycle use. | It is complementary machine-safety guidance, not mine-action compliance or a mine-clearance certification. |
Check the live IMAS index and the applicable national standards immediately before an assessment or deployment decision because documents can be amended. IMAS states that its English-language versions are the versions endorsed by the IACG-MA and take precedence over translations.
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Assess the machine and its operating environment as one system. ISO 17757’s scope is useful here because it includes associated systems and infrastructure, not only the vehicle. In mine action, add the explosive-ordnance threat, land-release process and organizational controls.
Hardware and physical functions
- Chassis, tracks, wheels, manipulators and any mechanical tools that contact or disturb ground.
- Detection, imaging, ranging, inertial, environmental and positioning sensors, including mounting, calibration and protection from dust, vibration and moisture.
- Power storage, fuel or charging equipment, thermal management and emergency isolation.
- Braking, speed limiting, obstacle response, safe-stop behavior and recovery points.
- Barriers, remote-control stations, warning devices and exclusion-zone equipment.
Software and autonomy
- Perception, mapping, object classification, path planning and task-execution logic.
- Rules for uncertainty, conflicting sensor readings, degraded modes and loss of localization.
- Version control, update approval, configuration identification and rollback capability.
- Event logging with synchronized time, operator actions, alerts, sensor status and commands.
- Cybersecurity controls for authentication, access, communications and data integrity.
People, procedures and support
- Operator competence, supervision ratios, fatigue management and authority to intervene.
- Maintenance, calibration, spares, software support, inspection and recovery procedures.
- Briefing, exclusion-zone management, emergency response, incident reporting and near-miss learning.
- Data handling, chain of custody, record retention and transfer into the organization’s information system.
- Interfaces with surveyors, clearance teams, quality assurance and the national authority.
These categories are assessment prompts rather than an exhaustive hazard list prescribed by a single standard. Their purpose is to prevent the common error of testing a vehicle in isolation while overlooking the controls that make its use acceptable.
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A seven-stage assessment workflow
1. Define the use case and decision owner
Write a one-page operational concept before selecting tests. Specify the task, area, contamination assumptions, environmental envelope, communications, positioning, human roles and stop criteria. Name the person or authority who can accept residual risk and the organization that owns the risk record. If the machine is intended only to support human teams, define exactly which observations or actions it may provide and which decisions remain human.
2. Inventory hazards and initiating conditions
For each system element, describe what can go wrong and what must be true for the failure to occur. Examples include a sensor losing sensitivity in wet soil, a localization error shifting a recorded target, an unexpected movement after a communications interruption, a software update changing behavior, or an operator trusting an unverified classification. Include mission hazards such as failing to detect or classify explosive ordnance, and organizational hazards such as incomplete records or an unreported near miss.
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Do not assign a risk rating until the initiating conditions, consequences and existing controls are explicit. Separate hazards to people, equipment, land-release decisions, data and public confidence; one event can affect several of these at once.
3. Create a traceable risk-management record
Use a controlled register with at least these fields:
| Field | What to record |
|---|---|
| Hazard and trigger | The failure or unwanted condition and the circumstances that initiate it. |
| Consequence | Potential harm to people, explosive-ordnance safety, equipment, records, schedule or released land. |
| Existing control | Technical, procedural and organizational measures that prevent, detect or limit the event. |
| Evidence | Test result, inspection, training record, configuration record or other material supporting the control. |
| Residual risk | The remaining uncertainty and exposure after controls are applied, with assumptions stated. |
| Owner and action | The person or authority responsible for treatment, acceptance, monitoring and review date. |
IMAS 07.14 describes risk management across mine-action organizations and treats residual risk as a specific land-release concept. Reopen the register whenever the operating area, threat, weather envelope, machine configuration, software, procedures or staffing changes.
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4. Design independent, staged testing
IMAS 03.40 states: “The purpose of Testing and Evaluation (T&E) is to provide an independent assessment of the suitability and effectiveness of mine action equipment.” Independence means that the people collecting and interpreting evidence should not be pressured to confirm a procurement decision, and that test conditions, exclusions and limitations are disclosed.
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Define the configuration and environment before a trial. The test plan should identify objectives, methods, representative conditions, data fields, acceptance criteria, safety controls, stopping rules and analytical limitations. Use stages rather than one demonstration:
- Bench and controlled tests: verify sensor, software, communications, emergency-stop and logging functions under safe, repeatable conditions.
- Representative environmental tests: vary soil, vegetation, slope, moisture, light, temperature, dust, magnetic or radio interference and positioning quality within the intended envelope.
- Integrated mission trials: exercise the full machine, operator station, support equipment, procedures, data flow and recovery plan.
- Operational validation: confirm that performance and controls remain acceptable in the actual type of area and organizational workflow, under authority-approved supervision.
IMAS 03.40 calls for quantitative data and, where practicable, enough observations to support conclusions that are not simply due to chance. Report sample size, test population, exclusions, confidence limitations and conditions; do not present a small demonstration as a general performance rate.
5. Measure safety, effectiveness and operational fit separately
A machine can be mechanically safe yet unsuitable for a clearance decision, or detect objects well while creating unacceptable recovery or data-integrity risks. Keep the evidence streams distinct.
| Evidence stream | Questions to answer | Examples of records |
|---|---|---|
| Safety | Does the system prevent unintended movement, protect people during faults and reach a defined safe state? | Stop tests, intrusion responses, communications-loss trials, maintenance inspections, incident and near-miss logs. |
| Task effectiveness | How does detection, localization, classification or ground preparation perform in each defined condition? | True and missed findings, false alarms, positional error, coverage, repeatability and condition-specific results. |
| Human oversight | Can operators understand system confidence, intervene promptly and recover from degraded modes? | Response times, interface recordings, training assessments and workload observations. |
| Data integrity | Are observations complete, attributable, time-synchronized, protected from alteration and usable in land-release records? | Audit logs, map exports, version identifiers, access records and reconciliation checks. |
| Maintainability | Can the organization inspect, calibrate, repair and restore the system without unsafe improvisation? | Service intervals, fault-recovery time, spare-part availability, calibration results and approved procedures. |
| Operational fit | Does use align with national standards, task ownership, quality assurance and stakeholder responsibilities? | Approved SOPs, training and authorization records, QA findings and authority decisions. |
Compare candidate configurations only when they have been tested on the same task, conditions and criteria. A result from one terrain or contamination assumption cannot be generalized to another without supporting evidence.
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6. Analyze failures, recovery and degraded modes
Test what happens after the expected nominal path breaks. Inject or observe loss of communications, low battery, sensor disagreement, blocked routes, map corruption, positioning drift, overheating, damaged equipment and operator handover. For each case, record detection time, warning clarity, machine state, human response, recovery steps, data preserved and whether the mission can resume safely.
Recovery is part of risk, not an afterthought. A system that stops safely but cannot be recovered without sending people into an uncleared area may create a different hazard. Define remote recovery, exclusion-zone changes, towing or lifting methods, decontamination, evidence preservation and reporting responsibilities before live work.
7. Document residual risk and obtain governance decisions
IMAS 07.14 defines residual risk as “the risk remaining following the application of all reasonable effort to identify, define, and remove all presence and suspicion of explosive ordnance through non-technical survey, technical survey and/or clearance.” Apply that definition to the land-release decision, not merely to machine operation.
State what remains uncertain after testing and after reasonable survey or clearance effort. Tie each residual-risk statement to evidence, assumptions, boundaries and controls. Specify monitoring, review triggers and who accepts or treats the risk. A successful trial does not justify saying that an area is free of explosive ordnance; land-release authority and evidence requirements still apply.
How to handle the explosive-ordnance and malicious-actor context
Conventional industrial risk methods are useful but incomplete. IMAS 07.14 says its core elements draw from ISO 31000, while risk identification and analysis are more closely aligned with ISO 27001 in light of explosive-ordnance and malicious-actor risks. In practice, assess both accidental failures and deliberate interference.
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- Consider whether an adversary could spoof positioning, alter maps, interrupt communications, introduce malicious software or manipulate records.
- Protect configuration files, mission data and logs with access control, integrity checks and controlled transfer.
- Define how operators verify unexpected instructions, alerts or map changes.
- Include deception, tampering and insider-threat scenarios in incident exercises where appropriate to the threat assessment.
- Preserve trustworthy records so that a later land-release decision can distinguish an observed absence from a missing or corrupted observation.
Do not assume that encryption alone resolves operational risk. A secure channel does not correct a misclassified object, poor sensor calibration or an incorrect map reference.
Who decides whether the system is safe to use?
The answer depends on national law and the organization’s delegated authority, but a vendor, test engineer or operator should not unilaterally release land. The governance record should identify:
- The national mine-action authority and any required authorization or accreditation.
- The organization accountable for the operation and the owner of the risk register.
- The independent body or team conducting test and evaluation.
- The quality-assurance function checking that approved procedures are followed.
- The person authorized to accept, treat or escalate residual risk.
- The process for incidents, near misses, complaints, stakeholder engagement and suspension.
- The change-control board or manager who must reassess software, hardware, procedures or operating conditions.
IMAS 07.11 emphasizes stakeholder responsibilities, quality management, accurate information systems, engagement and national legal alignment. A technically capable machine still requires this organizational chain of accountability.
Common assessment failures and their corrections
| Weak approach | Why it fails | Correction |
|---|---|---|
| Testing only a staged demonstration | It hides environmental variation, recovery problems and operator workload. | Use staged trials and representative conditions, then disclose exclusions and limits. |
| Evaluating the robot without its data system | Incomplete or altered records can undermine a land-release decision even when the machine performs well. | Test logging, time synchronization, transfer, access control, reconciliation and retention. |
| Using one average performance number | Aggregates can conceal failures in particular soils, slopes, vegetation or weather. | Report condition-specific results, uncertainty, sample size and missing data. |
| Treating autonomy as removal of human responsibility | People still define the task, supervise, intervene, maintain equipment and authorize land release. | Specify human authority, intervention thresholds, training and escalation paths. |
| Calling ISO 17757 certification mine-action approval | The standard covers autonomous mining and earth-moving machine safety, not mine-action compliance. | Use it as complementary machine-system guidance alongside IMAS and national rules. |
| Accepting a successful trial as proof of cleared land | A test result concerns equipment suitability under defined conditions, not the absence of explosive ordnance in an area. | Keep equipment evidence and land-release evidence separate and document residual risk. |
| Ignoring software and threat changes | Updates, new interference or changed contamination can invalidate prior evidence. | Use configuration control, change-triggered reassessment and periodic review. |
Minimum evidence package before an operational decision
An authority or organization should be able to audit the decision without relying on a presentation or personal memory. Assemble:
- Approved use case, operating envelope, roles and stop criteria.
- System description with hardware, software, sensor, communications, power and infrastructure dependencies.
- Hazard log and risk register showing controls, evidence, residual risk and owners.
- Independent test-and-evaluation plan, raw data, analysis, limitations and configuration identifiers.
- Condition-specific safety, effectiveness, human-oversight, data-integrity and maintainability results.
- Failure, recovery, emergency and communications-loss test records.
- Training, competence, maintenance, calibration and software-change records.
- Approved SOPs, quality-assurance findings, incident and near-miss procedures.
- National-authority approvals, stakeholder engagement records and land-release information requirements.
- A signed decision stating permitted use, prohibited use, monitoring, review date and residual-risk acceptance or treatment.
How to communicate the final assessment
Write conclusions in bounded statements. Say what the system demonstrated, under which conditions, with which configuration and what it did not demonstrate. Identify untested environments, unverified assumptions, data gaps and controls that must remain in place. Distinguish “suitable for this defined task and envelope” from “safe in all conditions,” and distinguish both from a land-release decision.
When evidence is insufficient, the correct outcome may be restricted use, more testing, additional human controls, a different task allocation or no deployment. That is a valid risk-management decision, not a failure of the assessment.
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