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On a remote Ubuntu server, add the SSH rule before enabling UFW. For the usual SSH configuration, run sudo ufw allow ssh, verify the rule, enable the firewall, and verify again:
sudo ufw allow ssh
sudo ufw status verbose
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseSSH normally listens on TCP port 22, but your server may use a different port. In that case, allow the actual listener, such as sudo ufw allow 2222/tcp. Restricting the rule to a known address or network is safer than allowing every source whenever your administration model permits it.
What the UFW SSH rule does
UFW is Ubuntu’s standard firewall configuration tool. An allow rule creates a firewall exception for incoming SSH traffic; it does not start the SSH daemon, change the daemon’s listening port, create user accounts, or authenticate clients. Your SSH service must already be running and listening on the port and protocol named by the rule.
The service-name form, ssh, uses the service definition known to the system (normally TCP port 22). The explicit form, 22/tcp, states both the port and protocol and is easier to audit when you are documenting a firewall policy.
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Before changing a remote server
- Keep your current SSH session open while changing UFW. Do not close it until a second connection has succeeded.
- Confirm which port the SSH daemon actually uses. The common value is TCP 22, but administrators often change it.
- Make sure you have an out-of-band console or provider recovery path if the firewall change fails.
- Have the trusted source IP or CIDR range ready if SSH should not be reachable from every address.
- Use an account with
sudoprivileges. Every command below that changes UFW requires elevation.
Safest sequence when connected over SSH
The order matters: create and inspect the allow rule first, then enable UFW. Enabling the firewall before permitting your current management path can terminate your access.
-
Add the service-name rule:
sudo ufw allow ssh -
Inspect the pending firewall policy:
sudo ufw status verboseCheck that an SSH allow entry appears. If the output does not match the port you expect, stop and correct the rule before enabling UFW.
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Enable UFW:
sudo ufw enableUFW may ask for confirmation because enabling it can affect existing connections.
-
Verify the active policy after enabling:
sudo ufw status verbose -
From a separate terminal, open a new SSH connection to the server. Keep the original session available until this test succeeds.
Choosing the rule syntax
| Use case | Command | What it expresses |
|---|---|---|
| Known service definition | sudo ufw allow ssh |
Allows the service named ssh, normally TCP port 22. |
| Explicit standard SSH port | sudo ufw allow 22/tcp |
Allows TCP port 22 and records the protocol directly. |
| Port number without protocol | sudo ufw allow 22 |
Uses UFW’s port rule syntax for port 22; specify the protocol explicitly when you want the policy to be unambiguous. |
| Custom SSH listener | sudo ufw allow 2222/tcp |
Allows TCP port 2222; replace it with the port configured for your daemon. |
The service-name version is convenient and follows the system’s service mapping. The explicit port/protocol version is more portable for scripts, runbooks, and audits because the intended network path is visible in the command itself.
Allow SSH only from one trusted IP
An unrestricted rule accepts matching SSH traffic from any source address. If your administration originates from a fixed address, reduce exposure by limiting the source:
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sudo ufw allow proto tcp from 192.0.2.10 to any port 22This permits TCP port 22 only when the connection comes from 192.0.2.10. Replace that documentation address with the public IP address from which you administer the server.
Allow a trusted subnet
For an office, VPN, or management network, use CIDR notation:
sudo ufw allow proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any port 22Every address in the specified subnet can then reach TCP port 22. Keep the range as narrow as your operations allow; a broad network can be nearly as exposed as an unrestricted rule.
Apply source restrictions to a custom port
Substitute the daemon’s actual port in the same pattern. For example:
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Check the rules UFW is actually using
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sudo ufw statusshows the active rules in a compact form.sudo ufw status verboseincludes additional policy information and is the best routine confirmation that UFW is enabled and the intended SSH exception is present.sudo ufw status numberedprefixes rules with numbers, which is useful when you need to remove or insert a specific entry.
When reviewing output, confirm the port, protocol, source restriction, and action. Do not assume that a rule named “SSH” points to port 22 if the service definition or daemon configuration has changed.
Preview a change with dry-run
Use UFW’s dry-run mode when you want to see the rules that a command would produce without applying them:
sudo ufw --dry-run allow 22/tcpDry-run output is a planning aid, not a connectivity test. It does not open the port and does not prove that an SSH daemon is listening there. After reviewing the output, run the command without --dry-run if it is the policy you intend to apply.
Custom SSH ports: match the daemon, not the example
Port 22 is the conventional default, not a guarantee. If the SSH daemon has been configured for another port, use that port in every relevant UFW rule. For example:
sudo ufw allow 2222/tcpUse the same replacement in a source-limited rule, a rate-limit rule, and any later deletion command. Opening port 22 while the daemon listens on 2222 creates an exception that does not help clients connect.
Conversely, allowing 2222 does not move SSH to that port. The daemon configuration and UFW policy must agree, and clients must connect to the configured port.
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Rate-limit repeated SSH connections
UFW supports a limit rule form for connection-rate control. The manual gives this pattern:
sudo ufw limit 2222/tcpReplace 2222 with the actual SSH port. A limit rule is an alternative to a plain allow rule when you want UFW to react to repeated connection attempts. Decide whether it fits your environment before replacing an existing rule, particularly where many legitimate administrators share one source address or where automation opens frequent sessions.
Logging for diagnosis
UFW provides log and log-all rule forms. These can help investigate whether traffic is reaching the firewall and how UFW is handling it:
sudo ufw log 22/tcp
sudo ufw log-all 22/tcpUse the syntax appropriate to the rule you need to observe, and remove diagnostic rules or reduce logging when they are no longer useful. Logging alone does not permit SSH; it records firewall activity for the selected traffic.
Delete or replace an SSH rule safely
First display numbered rules:
sudo ufw status numberedTo remove a rule by repeating its original expression after delete, run:
sudo ufw delete allow 22/tcpFor a service-name rule, delete the same expression you used to create it:
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sudo ufw delete allow sshUFW also supports deletion by rule number. Review status numbered immediately before using a number because deleting one entry changes the numbering of entries below it.
Overlapping rules and evaluation order
When generic and specific rules overlap, inspect their order rather than guessing which one wins. UFW evaluates matching rules in order. A broad allow entry can therefore undermine the intention of a later source-restricted entry. Remove the unnecessary broad rule or arrange the policy so the intended match is evaluated first, then verify the resulting numbered list.
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UFW was enabled before SSH was allowed
If your remote session is lost immediately after enabling UFW, use the server’s console or recovery channel rather than repeatedly retrying SSH. Once you have local access, add the correct allow rule, inspect the status, and test a fresh remote connection before ending the recovery session.
The rule exists, but clients still cannot connect
- Check that the rule’s port matches the SSH daemon’s configured listener.
- Check that the rule specifies TCP; SSH is a TCP service.
- Check source restrictions for an incorrect address or CIDR range.
- Run
sudo ufw status verboseto confirm UFW is enabled and the expected rule is active. - Use the server’s console or service-management diagnostics to confirm that the SSH daemon is running; UFW cannot accept connections for a service that is not listening.
A client reaches the server but is rejected
A firewall allow rule only permits packets through UFW. Authentication failures, invalid accounts, keys, passwords, host restrictions, and daemon configuration are separate SSH-layer issues. Once UFW shows the correct allow rule, troubleshoot those layers independently instead of adding broader firewall exceptions.
An old broad rule defeats a new restricted rule
Run sudo ufw status numbered and look for both entries. Remove the unnecessary unrestricted rule with the exact delete form, then verify the numbered policy again. Do not delete by number without checking the current list.
Operational checklist
- Identify the SSH daemon’s real TCP port.
- Choose service-name, explicit port, source-limited, or rate-limited syntax according to your access policy.
- On a remote host, add the allow rule before enabling UFW.
- Use
sudo ufw --dry-runwhen you need to inspect a proposed change first. - Check
sudo ufw status verbosebefore and after enabling. - Keep the original session open and test a new SSH connection.
- Use
sudo ufw status numberedbefore deleting or reordering overlapping rules. - Remove broad or temporary diagnostic rules when they no longer serve a purpose.
Examples by administration model
Any-source access on the conventional port
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp
sudo ufw status verboseThis is the simplest policy when administrators may connect from changing networks and no source restriction is practical.
One fixed administrator address
sudo ufw allow proto tcp from 192.0.2.10 to any port 22
sudo ufw status verboseThis limits the firewall exception to one source address.
Private management subnet and custom listener
sudo ufw allow proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any port 2222
sudo ufw status verboseThis combines a custom TCP port with a CIDR-based source restriction. The subnet must be the network that actually reaches the server, such as a management VPN or office network.
Key distinction: firewall access versus SSH security
Allowing SSH through UFW answers one network question: whether packets matching the rule may pass. It does not decide who can log in or how they authenticate. Use the narrowest source and port rule that supports your operations, then handle SSH accounts and authentication in the SSH service configuration. Keeping those responsibilities separate makes failures easier to diagnose and prevents a firewall change from being mistaken for an authentication change.
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