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Raising a shipwreck is not the end of its preservation—it starts the most delicate phase. Waterlogged wood can lose the water that has been supporting its weakened cell structure, causing shrinkage, warping, cracks or collapse. Conservators therefore keep recovered material wet, remove salts and contaminants, impregnate porous materials with a suitable stabiliser, dry them under tightly controlled conditions and continue monitoring them for decades.
The Mary Rose shows how an assembled hull can be treated in place, while its smaller artefacts and the separated timbers of the Newport Ship required different methods. There is no single “shipwreck treatment”: the material, condition, size and intended display format determine the conservation plan.
Why can a wooden wreck deteriorate after it is raised?
Wood that has spent centuries underwater is often biologically degraded. Micro-organisms can consume parts of the cell walls, leaving microscopic voids and a fragile framework that water keeps propped open. While the wreck is submerged, water fills those spaces and limits the stresses caused by gravity and drying. Once the object is lifted into air, evaporation changes that balance.
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Recovery also exposes objects to oxygen, changing humidity and handling. Salts absorbed from seawater can dissolve when humidity rises and crystallise when it falls, exerting pressure that contributes to cracking, powdering or surface flaking. Iron may continue corroding, while wood, metal, leather, rope, ceramics and composites each respond differently to chemicals and drying. Conservation is therefore a sequence of risk controls, not a single product or procedure.
The first response: keep the wreck wet and stable
Conservators normally prevent uncontrolled drying before they decide on a long-term treatment. The Mary Rose provides a detailed example. The hull was raised from the seabed on a supporting steel cradle on 11 October 1982. It was covered with water-saturated foam and sprayed with seawater so its exposed surfaces would not dry while engineers and conservators prepared a permanent facility.
In December 1982, a building was constructed around the hull. Spraying then switched to recycled, refrigerated and filtered fresh water. According to the Mary Rose Trust, this wet-storage system reduced drying risk and helped remove salts and dirt before chemical impregnation (Conservation of the ship). Keeping a large hull continuously wet is a holding measure, not the final treatment: it buys time while the team analyses the wood and designs a feasible stabilisation process.
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How the Mary Rose hull was stabilised
1. Spraying instead of immersion
A tank large enough to immerse the assembled Mary Rose hull would have been impractical and costly. The Trust therefore applied the treatment by spraying the hull in place. The reported rate was about 40,000 litres of polyethylene glycol (PEG) per day during the treatment. Spraying had to wet the complex surfaces evenly while allowing access for structural supports, inspection and monitoring.
2. Two PEG phases
PEG is a water-soluble polymer that can occupy spaces left by degraded cell-wall material and reduce the stresses that occur as water is removed. It is a stabilising treatment used for particular archaeological woods, not a universal solution.
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The Mary Rose received lower-molecular-weight PEG from 1994 to 2003. A higher-molecular-weight PEG phase followed from 2004 to 2013. The Trust describes the second phase as improving mechanical strength and reducing the risk of collapse as the hull ultimately dried. The choice of molecular weights and the long timescale reflect the hull’s size and condition, not a standard schedule that can be copied for every wreck. A later Mary Rose Trust discussion of treatment choices explains why conservators weigh several competing risks for a unique object (Choosing a conservation treatment for a unique artefact).
3. Controlled air drying
Drying began in 2013 inside an enclosure where air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were controlled. The Trust reports conditions of about 55% relative humidity and 20°C during this phase. More than 100 tonnes of water were removed between 2013 and 2016, an estimate reported by the Trust rather than a general benchmark for shipwrecks.
Air drying was gradual and closely observed. Sensors and physical markers helped reveal movement so the team could adjust the environment if the hull behaved unexpectedly. After the main drying project, the Trust describes a preventive environment of about 55% relative humidity and 19°C. That is a current institutional account; exact set points can change as monitoring data and building conditions change.
Why PEG is not used for every object
The Mary Rose collection contains wood, iron, textiles, leather, ceramics and composite objects. A treatment that helps one material can damage another. The Trust’s artefact guidance describes the following approach:
- Waterlogged wooden artefacts: PEG is added gradually in treatment tanks. Once adequately impregnated, the objects are frozen and placed in a freeze dryer. Under reduced pressure, ice changes directly from solid to vapour (sublimation), removing moisture without exposing the fragile object to liquid-water surface tension during ordinary drying.
- Marine iron: Conservators may use desalination to remove soluble chlorides and other salts, followed by carefully controlled drying. PEG can accelerate iron corrosion, so a wood-oriented PEG regime is not automatically suitable for metal.
- Composite wood-and-iron objects: These require a compromise or staged treatment because alkaline solutions that help stabilise some iron can degrade wood, while PEG that supports wood can promote corrosion in iron.
- Other materials: Leather, rope, textiles, glass and ceramics have their own cleaning, consolidation, desalination and drying requirements. The object’s condition and the conservation evidence determine the sequence.
The Mary Rose Trust provides specialist archaeological treatment and advisory services rather than a consumer recipe; the chemicals, tanks, monitoring and freeze-drying equipment require trained staff and controlled facilities (Archaeological services).
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Assembled hull versus separated timbers
Whether a wreck remains an assembled ship or is conserved as individual pieces changes the engineering problem. An intact hull has a single large structure whose stresses must be managed continuously. Separated timbers can be placed in treatment tanks or a vacuum freeze dryer, but each piece still needs identification, support and a stable storage environment.
Newport Ship
The Newport Ship’s timbers were separated during excavation. They were soaked in PEG and then placed in a vacuum freeze dryer. After treatment, the timbers were stored in climate-controlled rooms. This route was possible because the ship was conserved as separate elements rather than as one assembled hull (Newport Ship conservation).
Mary Rose artefacts
Smaller wooden artefacts from the Mary Rose likewise could be treated in tanks and freeze-dried, unlike the hull, which was sprayed in place and then air-dried. The two methods are not contradictory: they address different scales, shapes and handling constraints within the same archaeological collection (Conservation of artefacts).
Vasa comparison
The Vasa Museum identifies PEG conservation for its hull. The Mary Rose Trust cites the earlier Vasa treatment as one influence on its own planning. That precedent demonstrates that PEG can be valuable for a large waterlogged hull, but it does not make the treatment guaranteed or universally appropriate; every project must account for its own wood chemistry, degradation and structural design (Vasa Museum films).
Comparison of documented preservation approaches
| Project or object group | Recovered format | How treatment was applied | Drying method | Special issues | After treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Rose hull | Large assembled hull | Continuous wet control, then sprayed PEG: lower molecular weight (1994–2003), followed by higher molecular weight (2004–2013) | Controlled air drying beginning in 2013; about 55% RH and 20°C reported for the drying phase | Needed a cradle, building-scale spray system and structural monitoring; salts and dirt were removed during wet spraying | About 55% RH and 19°C described for the preventive environment, with movement, laser, pest and dust monitoring |
| Mary Rose wooden artefacts | Individual objects | PEG added gradually in treatment tanks | Freeze-drying, in which ice sublimates under pressure | Object-specific shapes and materials; composite items may conflict with iron treatments | Stored and displayed under controlled conditions |
| Newport Ship timbers | Separated timbers | Soaked in PEG | Vacuum freeze-drying | Excavation separated the pieces, making tank and dryer treatment feasible | Climate-controlled rooms |
| Vasa hull | Large assembled hull | PEG conservation is documented by the Vasa Museum | Not stated in the cited source | Served as an example informing Mary Rose planning, not as a universal prescription | Not stated in the cited source |
What happens to salts, dirt and corrosion products?
Seawater leaves dissolved salts inside pores and on surfaces. Fresh-water spraying can wash away some contamination while the object remains saturated, as it did for the Mary Rose hull. For smaller objects, conservators may use repeated baths or other desalination methods and test the water for extracted ions. The aim is to reduce the salt load before humidity changes can drive damaging crystallisation.
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Desalination is not simply “washing” an artefact. Excessive or poorly controlled treatment can mobilise soluble components, loosen surface layers or create new stresses. Iron needs particular attention because chlorides can drive corrosion even after recovery. Composite objects force conservators to balance incompatible requirements, often using barriers, staged treatments or a decision to preserve some corrosion products rather than remove them.
How conservators know whether treatment is working
Large projects use environmental data and physical evidence together. For the Mary Rose, the Trust describes movement markers, annual measurements, laser scanning, pest traps and regular dust removal. These checks detect structural movement, biological activity and changes in the display environment rather than assuming that treatment has permanently solved every risk (Monitoring movement on the Mary Rose).
Monitoring continues after drying because wood can respond slowly to seasonal humidity, support changes and internal stresses. A stable room still needs alarms, calibration, inspections and a response plan. Pest traps can reveal insects before an infestation becomes visible; scans and measurements can identify gradual deformation; surface cleaning prevents dust from retaining moisture or obscuring damage.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.A practical preservation sequence
Although each wreck receives a bespoke plan, the documented projects follow a recognisable decision sequence:
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- Recover with support. Engineers design a cradle, lifting frame or other system that limits bending and vibration during the move from seabed to shore.
- Prevent uncontrolled drying. Keep exposed wood saturated with seawater or filtered fresh water while the conservation facility and analytical plan are prepared.
- Record condition and materials. Map wood species and degradation, identify iron and composites, document salts and corrosion, and establish reference measurements.
- Choose a treatment format. Decide whether the object can be immersed, must be sprayed in place, or should be divided into separately treated elements.
- Remove contaminants where appropriate. Use controlled rinsing or desalination to reduce salts without stripping significant surfaces or destabilising composites.
- Impregnate compatible porous materials. PEG or another consolidant may be introduced gradually when evidence shows it is suitable for the material and condition.
- Dry at the required scale. Use controlled air drying for a structure such as the Mary Rose hull, or freeze-drying for many smaller wooden objects and separated timbers.
- Install a preventive environment. Set and record temperature, relative humidity, air movement, lighting and pest controls appropriate to the materials.
- Continue inspection. Measure movement, inspect surfaces, check traps and review environmental trends so emerging problems can be addressed early.
Common misconceptions about preserved shipwrecks
“Once it is out of the water, the danger is over.”
Removal from seawater eliminates some underwater threats but introduces evaporation, oxygen and climate fluctuations. The most serious structural damage can occur during poorly controlled drying.
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“PEG preserves every shipwreck.”
PEG is documented for the Mary Rose, Newport Ship and Vasa, but its suitability depends on material, degradation and format. It can accelerate iron corrosion, and it does not remove the need for desalination, drying control or monitoring.
“Freeze-drying and air-drying are interchangeable.”
They are different processes selected for different objects. Freeze-drying removes ice by sublimation under pressure and is practical for many tank-treated artefacts and separated timbers. The Mary Rose hull instead underwent carefully controlled air drying after in-place spraying.
“A treated wreck needs no further care.”
Conservation reduces risk; it does not make an archaeological object maintenance-free. Museums continue environmental control, measurement, pest surveillance and cleaning because slow movement and material changes can persist for years.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThe essential lesson
Preserving a raised shipwreck means managing a transition from water-supported fragility to a stable, monitored museum environment. The Mary Rose shows why wet control, staged PEG impregnation and controlled air drying were combined for a whole hull. Its artefacts and the Newport Ship show why tanks and vacuum freeze-drying are often better for separated objects. The correct method is determined by the material, condition, scale and conservation goal—and every successful treatment remains dependent on care afterward.
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