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India’s submarines support two different strategic missions. Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs) provide the sea-based leg of India’s nuclear deterrent and are associated with second-strike capability. Conventional diesel-electric submarines, including the six Kalvari-class boats completed under Project 75, provide a separate undersea combat capability. Both sit inside a wider Indian Ocean strategy concerned with maritime awareness, protection of shipping, and military competition—but public sources do not show that submarines carried out every naval mission reported in the region.
Two missions, not one submarine force
SSBNs provide a survivable nuclear option
An SSBN is a ballistic-missile submarine. Its strategic purpose is to carry nuclear missiles and preserve the ability to retaliate if a country’s land-based nuclear forces were destroyed or disabled. Because a submarine can remain concealed at sea, it can make an adversary less confident that a first strike could eliminate the entire nuclear force.
The Indian Council of World Affairs has linked India’s two indigenous Arihant-class boats to sea-based nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability. That is a different mission from hunting enemy ships or submarines. The SSBN force is principally about deterrence: persuading an opponent that attacking India would still bring an unacceptable response.
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Conventional submarines support undersea combat
Conventional attack submarines use diesel-electric propulsion and are designed for military operations beneath the surface. In general terms, such boats can complicate an opponent’s use of nearby waters, threaten surface forces, gather information, and support sea-denial plans. Those are the functions a conventional fleet can contribute; the public material available for India does not establish the patrol pattern, readiness level, or tasking of each individual boat.
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India’s Kalvari-class submarines belong to this conventional category. They should not be counted as additional SSBNs, and the Arihant boats should not be described as ordinary attack submarines. Keeping the categories separate is essential when assessing India’s naval strategy.
What has been confirmed about the fleet
INS Arighaat and the Arihant class
The Ministry of Defence announced that INS Arighaat was commissioned on 29 August 2024 as the second Arihant-class submarine. The announcement described an indigenous development effort and stated: “It has the distinction of having the indigenous systems and equipment which were conceptualised, designed, manufactured & integrated by the Indian scientists, industry and Naval personnel.” That statement supports a conclusion about domestic design and integration. It is not evidence of a particular patrol, missile test, or operational performance level.
With Arighaat, India publicly confirmed two commissioned Arihant-class SSBNs. Commissioning is an important milestone, but it does not reveal how many boats are at sea at a given moment, how many are in training, or how many are undergoing maintenance.
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Government commissioning material records the six-boat Project 75 sequence from INS Kalvari in December 2017 through INS Vagsheer in January 2025. The Ministry of Defence described Vagsheer as the sixth and final submarine in the Project 75 Scorpene-based programme. Its commissioning ceremony took place on 15 January 2025.
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| Force or programme | What the public record confirms | Strategic role |
|---|---|---|
| Arihant class | INS Arighaat commissioned on 29 August 2024 as the second publicly announced boat | Sea-based nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability |
| Project 75 / Kalvari class | Six boats commissioned, from INS Kalvari in December 2017 to INS Vagsheer on 15 January 2025 | Conventional undersea capability |
| Project 75(I) | Discussed in specialist programme analysis; current contract, design selection and delivery schedule are not established by the dated material used here | Potential follow-on conventional-submarine modernisation |
The table records milestones and roles, not combat effectiveness. A commissioned boat may still spend time in training, maintenance, trials, or other activities that are not publicly itemised.
Why submarines matter in the Indian Ocean
A large and contested operating area
The Indian Ocean connects India to major approaches in the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the wider western Indian Ocean. Merchant traffic, energy shipments, naval deployments and access to ports all create reasons for governments to monitor events at sea. Submarines add an undersea dimension to that competition because they are difficult to detect and can operate without presenting the visible presence of a surface warship.
For India, the strategic logic has three layers. First, SSBNs strengthen the credibility of nuclear deterrence. Second, conventional boats provide options for undersea warfare in a regional crisis. Third, both types form only one part of a larger maritime system that includes surface ships, aircraft, satellites, coastal networks, logistics and diplomatic partnerships.
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A Government of India release dated 2 February 2024 described naval deployments to assist merchant vessels in the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea and waters off Somalia. The same release discussed the Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR), reporting links with 25 partner nations and more than 40 international organisations at that time.
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Those deployments demonstrate the breadth of India’s maritime-security responsibilities, but the announcement concerned naval activity generally. It does not establish that submarines escorted the merchant ships or conducted the named responses. Surface ships, aircraft, information-sharing centres and regional coordination can all be involved in protecting shipping. Submarines are better understood as a concealed and potentially survivable component of the wider force rather than a stand-alone answer to piracy, missile threats, or every shipping emergency.
How the two submarine categories fit together
Deterrence and conventional sea denial
An SSBN’s value comes from uncertainty: an adversary cannot easily know where a retaliatory platform is operating. That logic makes survivability, secure communications, command authority and reliable missile systems central concerns, even though public sources do not disclose India’s patrol schedules or readiness rates.
A conventional submarine has a different value proposition. It can make selected waters more dangerous for an opposing fleet and force that fleet to devote resources to anti-submarine surveillance. In a crisis, even the possibility that a submarine is present may influence routing and operating behaviour. This is a strategic effect, not proof that a particular Kalvari-class boat performed a specific mission.
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Complementary roles in a maritime campaign
India’s naval strategy cannot be reduced to a choice between nuclear deterrence and conventional combat. SSBNs address the highest-level nuclear risk, while conventional submarines can contribute to local military balance and sea denial. Surface combatants and maritime aircraft provide visible presence, air defence, escort and search capacity; information networks help build a picture of activity across the ocean. The submarine force therefore contributes depth and uncertainty to a broader maritime architecture.
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The distinction also matters for public debate. A headline count that adds every commissioned submarine together can obscure the fact that the boats have different weapons, propulsion systems, command arrangements and strategic purposes.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What Project 75 and Project 75(I) indicate
Project 75’s completed sequence
Completing the six-boat Kalvari-class sequence gives India a clearly documented conventional-submarine programme with boats commissioned over several years. The programme’s Scorpene-derived, diesel-electric design represents a different industrial and operational track from the nuclear-powered Arihant class. The January 2025 Vagsheer ceremony marked the end of the publicly announced Project 75 sequence.
Why Project 75(I) needs cautious wording
Project 75(I) is a follow-on conventional-submarine programme discussed in a dated MP-IDSA issue brief. That analysis covers the strategic-partnership model, foreign original-equipment-manufacturer participation and technology transfer. It does not, by itself, establish a present-day contract, selected design, final price, construction start, or delivery timetable.
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Readers should therefore treat Project 75(I) as a modernisation pathway under discussion rather than as a confirmed number of additional operational submarines. A current official announcement would be needed before stating that a supplier has been selected or that a fixed schedule exists.
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Why an exact current submarine count is difficult to state
Commissioned is not the same as available
Public announcements identify commissioning milestones, but they rarely provide a consolidated snapshot of boats that are operational, deployed, in training, or in refit. Older conventional classes may also remain in service, but the sources used here do not establish a reliable current inventory by class.
The Nuclear Threat Initiative’s submarine profile contains a fleet snapshot that predates Arighaat’s August 2024 commissioning. It should not be presented as a 2026 total. Neither that profile nor the commissioning announcements supplies a complete, up-to-date count of every older conventional boat and its readiness status.
How to read future claims
- Check whether a number is a dated fleet snapshot or a current official announcement.
- Separate commissioned boats from boats actually available for deployment.
- Do not add SSBNs and conventional attack submarines and then infer a single level of combat power.
- Treat projected programmes as plans until a government source confirms contracts, construction and delivery.
What this means for India’s Indian Ocean strategy
India’s submarine force gives its naval strategy both a long-term nuclear backstop and a conventional undersea option. The Arihant class supports deterrence by making a retaliatory capability harder to eliminate. The Kalvari class expands the number of conventional boats available for undersea operations, although public evidence does not reveal their individual availability or assignments.
The wider strategy is regional rather than submarine-only. India’s naval deployments to protect shipping, its information-sharing links through IFC-IOR, and its surface and air forces all address maritime-security problems that a submerged boat cannot solve by itself. Submarines matter because they add concealment, uncertainty and persistence to that network of capabilities.
The most defensible assessment is consequently qualitative. India has demonstrated two publicly announced Arihant-class SSBN commissions, completed the six-boat Project 75 Kalvari sequence, and continues to discuss further conventional-submarine modernisation. The public record does not support a precise current fleet total or a claim about day-to-day patrol readiness.
Bottom line
India’s submarines fit into Indian Ocean strategy through two distinct channels: Arihant-class SSBNs underpin sea-based nuclear deterrence, while Kalvari-class and other conventional boats provide undersea combat potential. Their strategic value is greatest when combined with India’s surface fleet, aircraft, surveillance systems and regional maritime partnerships. Verified commissioning milestones show the direction of force development; they do not, on their own, reveal the complete operational inventory or prove that submarines conducted every maritime-security mission reported in the region.
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