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You can attribute an AI agent’s action only when the protected resource receives verifiable, separate evidence of the human user, the agent, the client or host application, the permission grant, and the target resource. Correlate that authorization context with the resource’s audit event. An agent name, service account, or shared API key alone does not prove which person authorized the action.
What “which user authorized it” actually means
Attribution is more than finding a username in a log. Three different questions must be answered for the same call:
- Authentication: Which principal or credential is presenting itself?
- Authorization: What is that principal allowed to do, and on which resource?
- Consent or delegation: Which user or administrator granted that authority to the agent, under which policy and scope?
An AI agent may be the workload that invokes an API, while a host application starts the interaction and a person supplies the authority. Those are distinct actors. Reliable attribution preserves all three identities instead of collapsing them into one service account. It also records the permission grant and connects it to the exact operation, resource and time.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchThis does not necessarily prove that the person intended every sentence in a prompt or individually approved every tool call. Delegated OAuth access shows that a user or administrator authorized a class of operations within a scope; it is not an intent signature for each action.
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Evidence that should arrive at the protected resource
The strongest place to make the determination is where the action reaches the API, database, file store or other protected resource. Ask for the trusted request context and token-validation result associated with that exact call. The evidence should let an investigator answer these questions without guessing:
- Which authenticated human user is represented by the validated subject or equivalent identity context?
- Which distinct agent or workload credential made the downstream request?
- Which client or host application initiated the interaction or carried the agent conversation?
- Who approved the grant, and was it individual user consent or administrator consent?
- Which scopes or permissions were granted, for which tenant or policy conditions?
- Which audience or resource was the credential intended for?
- Can the grant, identities and resource-side action be correlated by time, request or transaction identifiers?
Validate tokens with an approved library and check the subject and intended audience or resource before accepting the request. A bearer token demonstrates possession of a credential, not necessarily the identity of the person presenting it. A static shared API key has the same attribution problem and normally carries little information about delegation or permission boundaries.
Keep the three identities separate
Human user
The human principal is the person whose authority is being delegated. The record should identify the authenticated account, tenant or equivalent organizational identity used at consent time. If the credential contains no trustworthy user context, do not infer a person from an agent display name or a team account.
AI agent
The agent is the workload that reasons, selects tools or performs the downstream call. It needs its own identity so operators can distinguish one agent, version or deployment from another. A user claim without an agent identity leaves no reliable way to determine which automated workload acted.
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Client or host application
The client is the application that starts the flow, presents the user interface or carries the conversation. It may be different from the agent service. Recording it matters when several applications can invoke the same agent or when a compromised host could request operations that the user did not expect.
Identity separation is useful only if the fields are trustworthy. Treat a user name copied into a prompt, an HTTP header supplied by an untrusted caller or an agent-supplied log string as claims to validate, not as proof.
How delegated authorization should flow
A practical interactive design has a recognizable sequence. Microsoft’s documentation describes one platform-specific implementation; the concepts are useful more generally, but its endpoint and configuration details are not universal OAuth requirements.
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- Establish the grant. Configure inheritable permissions or obtain consent. Record whether an individual user consented or an administrator approved access for a tenant or group.
- Authenticate the user. Sign the person in through the supported identity provider and obtain a user token. Preserve the token’s validated subject and the permissions it represents.
- Authenticate the client and agent. The host application and agent workload should have distinct credentials or identity records. Do not substitute a shared service account for both.
- Validate before acting. Check the token with an approved library, confirm the subject and intended audience or resource, and reject a token issued for another API or context.
- Exchange for downstream access. In an OAuth On-Behalf-Of (OBO) pattern, the agent or intermediary exchanges the client-supplied user token for a token to call a downstream API on behalf of that original user.
- Log the execution. The downstream resource records the validated user, agent, client, scopes, target, time, operation and result, with a correlation value that joins the event to the grant and upstream request.
Microsoft’s Agent ID OBO material adds an important boundary: an agent identity blueprint or child identity in the described configuration cannot itself start an interactive /authorize flow. Permissions therefore have to be preauthorized or consented through the supported setup. That is a Microsoft-specific behavior, not a rule that applies to every agent platform.
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Compare the evidence you may find
| Evidence pattern | Human, agent and client separation | Consent provenance | Permission boundary | Attribution quality | Maturity or qualification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shared API key or service secret | Usually one shared credential; identities are not separately represented | Not stated by the credential itself | Often broad and difficult to bind to one resource or action | Unproven for a particular user; another holder can reuse the key | Common mechanism, but weak evidence for human authorization |
| Agent-only workload token | Agent may be identifiable; user or client may be absent | Not stated unless a separate grant record exists | Depends on token scopes and audience; broad roles remain risky | Shows which workload called, not which person authorized it | Can be valid service authentication without user attribution |
| Delegated user token with OBO | User context is propagated and the agent can be logged separately when implemented that way | User or administrator consent can be recorded with scopes | Audience and delegated permissions can be checked at each downstream API | Potentially strong if validation and audit correlation are complete | Implemented by specific platforms; verify deployment details |
| Explicit agent-aware delegated claims | User, client and agent are represented as separate claims | Consent can display the actors and requested scopes | Delegated token documents the intended resource and permissions | Designed for clearer multi-party attribution, subject to implementation | The IETF proposal is an expired Internet-Draft, not a finalized standard |
For the final row, the draft describes a token containing the user as sub, the client as azp and the acting agent as act. It was published on 2 May 2025 and expired on 3 November 2025. Treat it as a proposed model, not as a protocol that every provider supports.
A practical investigation procedure
When someone asks who authorized a completed action, use the following order. Starting with the resource event prevents an upstream display name from being mistaken for proof.
- Freeze the event identity. Capture the resource name, operation, timestamp, result and correlation or request identifier. If the resource has no trustworthy event for the operation, mark the attribution gap first.
- Retrieve the accepted credential context. Obtain the token-validation record or trusted request context used by the resource. Record the validated subject, audience or resource and permissions; do not rely on a raw token copied into a ticket.
- Identify the workload. Match the agent identity or client credential to a registered deployment, application instance or workload. Confirm that the identity was active at the event time.
- Locate the grant. Find the user-consent or administrator-consent record that granted the relevant permissions. Check the tenant, policy, scopes and effective dates.
- Test scope fit. Compare the granted permissions and intended audience with the operation that occurred. A valid token for one API or read operation does not establish authorization for a different resource or write operation.
- Join the records. Use correlation identifiers, timestamps and request metadata to connect the grant, token exchange and resource event. If the records cannot be joined, report the action as only partially attributable.
- Check credential reuse. Determine whether a static secret, long-lived bearer token or broad role could have been used by another actor. If so, downgrade confidence even when the log contains a familiar account name.
Ask the system owner for these records rather than accepting a screenshot of an agent transcript. A transcript can show what the agent said; it does not establish which credential the protected resource accepted.
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Only an agent name appears
An agent label identifies a workload at most. Without a validated human subject and a grant record, the user who authorized the operation is unproven.
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A broad role is treated as consent
Role membership can allow an operation without showing that the person approved this agent or this use. Broad role-based entitlements also let an agent reach unexpected tools quickly. Record the delegation decision and narrow the permissions to the required resource and operation.
The client forwards an unverified user header
A caller-controlled header is not equivalent to a validated token claim. The resource should rely on the identity context produced by the authentication and token-validation path, not on a string supplied by the agent or browser.
An OBO token is treated as proof of every human intention
OBO proves that a downstream API call is being made in a delegated user context when the exchange and validation are correct. It does not prove that the user reviewed the exact prompt, selected the exact tool or approved each individual side effect.
Logs are editable or cannot be correlated
Ordinary logs can help reconstruct an event, but they do not automatically provide cryptographic non-repudiation. Protect audit records against alteration, retain the grant and token-exchange context, and preserve correlation data across agent hops. If those controls are absent, state the limitation instead of promising certainty.
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Design controls that make attribution possible
- Issue short-lived, tightly scoped credentials. Restrict each token to its intended audience or resource and the smallest practical permission set. Modern authorization does not automatically produce least privilege.
- Separate credentials by actor. Give the host application, agent workload and human identity distinct records so an investigation can tell who initiated, who acted and whose authority was delegated.
- Make consent inspectable. Store the approver, consent type, scopes, tenant or policy conditions and effective time. Keep revocation and expiration visible to operators.
- Propagate context through every hop. A downstream service should receive validated delegated context, not an opaque assertion that loses the original user or agent.
- Enforce at the resource. Check audience, subject and permissions at the API or data boundary. Do not assume that an upstream agent’s successful authentication authorizes every downstream action.
- Protect audit trails. Make records tamper-evident or otherwise verifiable, restrict who can alter them and test that an event can be joined to its grant and token exchange.
- Review high-impact actions. For destructive or sensitive operations, add policy checks or human approval that are recorded separately from ordinary delegated access.
What current guidance does—and does not—settle
NIST’s February 2026 concept paper, Accelerating the Adoption of Software and AI Agent Identity and Authorization, frames several issues as open design questions. It asks, “How do we ensure non-repudiation for agent actions and binding back to human authorization?” It also asks how to handle “on behalf of” delegation and how to bind agent identity with human identity for human-in-the-loop authorizations. Those questions indicate an active standards and architecture problem, not a universal guarantee supplied by existing logs.
NIST’s related discussion of agentic AI warns about static keys, bearer-token reuse, broad entitlements and the difficulty of maintaining least privilege as agents select tools dynamically. Its guidance supports narrow, audience-restricted credentials and verifiable logging, while acknowledging that identity, delegation and non-repudiation still require implementation choices.
The IETF agent-specific OAuth document offers a useful vocabulary for explicit user, client and agent claims, but its expired status means it should not be presented as an adopted standard. Likewise, Microsoft’s interactive-agent and Agent ID OBO pages document Microsoft platform flows. They show how consent, user-token validation and downstream exchange can be implemented; they do not establish that every agent product carries a human claim or maintains a tamper-proof audit trail.
Decision rule for an incident report
Report the human authorizer as established only when a validated user identity, the relevant consent or delegation grant, the distinct agent and client identities, the correct audience and permissions, and a correlated resource-side event all agree. Report it as partially attributable when the workload is known but one of the user, grant or correlation links is missing. Report it as unproven when the evidence is only an agent name, broad role, shared key or unverified claim.
That standard is deliberately stricter than “the log says Alice.” It distinguishes who authenticated, who was authorized, who delegated authority and which automated identity actually executed the operation—the separation needed to investigate an AI agent’s action responsibly.
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