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Choose a credit rating agency by matching its rating product, sector methodology, geographic analysis, disclosure terms, process and local regulatory recognition to the financing you actually plan to pursue. Before appointing one, ask target lenders and investors what they will use, confirm that the agency and rating type are accepted in every relevant jurisdiction, and compare written proposals for the same scope. A global name alone does not establish that a rating will be useful or eligible in every market.
What a credit rating can—and cannot—do
A credit rating is an agency’s forward-looking opinion about relative credit risk. It is not a guarantee that a borrower will repay, a recommendation to buy a security, or a promise that the company will obtain cheaper financing. Agencies apply published methodologies to assess an issuer or a particular debt obligation, and generally monitor assigned ratings after publication. Investors and lenders may use a rating as one input alongside their own due diligence.
The distinction between rating the company and rating a specific debt instrument matters when planning an international financing. S&P Global Ratings describes an issuer credit rating as an assessment of an entity’s general creditworthiness. An issue credit rating evaluates a particular obligation, including its structure and seniority. The first may be relevant when counterparties want a broad view of the business; the second concerns the risk characteristics of the proposed bond or other obligation. Ask the intended users which they need rather than assuming one substitutes for the other.
Likewise, do not treat every product carrying the word “assessment” as a rating. S&P says its Credit Assessments are not credit ratings; they are usually confidential, point-in-time assessments without ongoing surveillance. If an investor, lender, contract or regulation requires a rating, confirm that the proposed product meets that requirement.
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Start with the financing use and audience
Before approaching agencies, define the decision the rating is meant to support. A public bond issue, private placement, bank borrowing, counterparty review and internal planning can call for different products, audiences and levels of disclosure. A rating is useful only if the people expected to rely on it recognize the product and can access it under the agreed terms.
Ask prospective investors, lenders, arrangers and counsel whether they expect a public rating, a private rating, an issuer-level view or a rating on a specific instrument. Ask whether they have a preference or requirement for a particular agency, scale or eligible rating type. These are transaction-specific questions: do not infer investor demand from an agency’s size or global reputation.
Public ratings are visible to market participants and can allow comparison with peers and other debt issuers. A private or confidential rating can limit access to authorized recipients. S&P says public and non-public ratings can use the same analytical framework, while Moody’s describes public ratings as potentially supporting public comparisons. Before sharing financial projections, customer details or expansion plans, determine exactly who can receive a private rating, whether it can later be published, and whether any transaction or regulatory condition changes the disclosure arrangement.
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Check recognition in every relevant jurisdiction
Regulatory acceptance is separate from market familiarity. If a rating will be used for capital calculations, prudential reporting or another regulated purpose, confirm that the agency and the specific rating type qualify in each jurisdiction where it will be used. Do not assume that acceptance in the company’s home country carries over to a new market.
Basel standards assign the recognition of external credit assessment institutions (ECAIs) to national supervisors. FINMA, Switzerland’s financial regulator, provides one concrete example: it says only agencies it recognizes may be used for certain regulatory reporting, including specified bank-capital calculations. That example illustrates the need for a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction check; it does not establish the rules in other countries or for every use of a rating.
For each market, consult the relevant regulator’s current guidance or obtain advice from qualified local counsel. Verify both the agency’s current recognition status and the eligibility of the product, entity, instrument and intended use. Record the source and date of the confirmation in the transaction file, since recognition and regulations can change.
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Compare methodology and international coverage
Read the current published criteria that apply to the business’s sector and proposed financing. Agencies can examine overlapping factors while applying different criteria, assumptions and scales; their ratings should not be presumed interchangeable. The relevant question is not simply whether an agency rates companies internationally, but how its methodology treats this issuer’s business, debt and operating footprint.
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Review what the applicable criteria say about business risk, financial risk, capital structure, governance and sector conditions. S&P describes these as components of issuer-rating analysis. Ask the agency to identify the criteria it expects to apply and explain how they address the company’s actual structure, including any subsidiaries or proposed borrowing entity. This helps expose a mismatch before management commits time to an engagement.
Countries, assets and sources of value
For a company operating across borders, map where it earns revenue or generates economic value, where its assets and operations are located, and which country conditions may affect its ability to operate or repay debt. Ask each shortlisted agency how those factors enter its assessment, particularly if operating markets, asset locations and the legal borrowing entity are in different countries.
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Fitch Ratings’ corporate criteria dated January 9, 2026 offer one specific example of this kind of analysis. They describe the operating environment as covering risks of doing business in the issuer’s jurisdictions, and geographic-span analysis as considering both where products or services are sold and where assets are located. For issuers spanning multiple countries, Fitch describes a blended operating-environment assessment. This is a useful basis for questions to all agencies, not evidence that one methodology is best for every company.
Compare agencies against the same questions
Build a shortlist based on the transaction and sector, then ask each candidate to respond to a common brief. This makes proposals easier to compare and helps distinguish a substantive fit from a familiar name. The agencies below illustrate different product and methodology details established in their published materials; they are not a universal ranking.
| Agency or standard | Documented point to consider | How it informs your evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| S&P Global Ratings | Describes issuer and issue ratings, public and non-public ratings, and Credit Assessments, which it says are not credit ratings. | Clarify the required rating level and whether the proposed product is a rating or a separate assessment. |
| Moody’s Ratings | Describes global long- and short-term scales and issuer- and instrument-level ratings. Its process page says a new issuer-rating process typically takes four to six weeks. | Confirm the scale and rating level expected by users; treat the timing as Moody’s typical estimate, not a market-wide commitment. |
| Fitch Ratings | Its corporate criteria dated January 9, 2026 discuss jurisdiction operating environments and multi-country geographic span. | Use the criteria to ask how the agency would analyze the company’s particular countries, sales and assets. |
| AM Best | Its methodology and service descriptions address insurers and insurance obligations, including balance-sheet strength, operating performance, business profile and enterprise risk management. | Consider this specialist relevance when the issuer or obligation is in insurance; do not extend it into a general corporate recommendation. |
For all candidates, verify the current methodology, scale and regulatory status directly before selection. These details can change, and a feature described in one agency’s materials does not establish how another agency will analyze the same issuer.
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Set expectations for disclosure, independence and process
Confidentiality and publication
Specify whether the desired outcome is public or restricted, who may access any non-public rating, and what circumstances could permit publication or wider distribution. Also establish how submitted information can be used, how sensitive material will be handled, and what confidentiality obligations apply if the company does not proceed. IOSCO’s Code of Conduct Fundamentals identifies confidentiality alongside quality and integrity, independence and conflicts, and transparency and timeliness as core conduct areas. Its 2015 code also says local laws and regulations take precedence, so the code is not a substitute for reviewing the applicable contract and law.
Analytical independence and conflicts
Review the agency’s conflict disclosures and procedures for keeping commercial relationships separate from analytical decisions. Moody’s says commercial and analytical responsibilities are segregated. IOSCO’s framework also treats independence and conflicts as a central conduct area. These policies are relevant diligence, but they do not guarantee a particular rating outcome. Do not select an agency on the expectation that it will deliver a desired grade.
Information demands, meetings and timing
Ask each agency to list required information, management discussions, analyst access, committee steps, publication approvals and ongoing surveillance. Moody’s says a new issuer-rating process typically takes four to six weeks, while noting that timing depends on information availability, opportunities for discussion and complexity. This is an agency-specific typical estimate, not a service-level promise for every issuer or an industry-wide benchmark. Obtain a transaction-specific schedule and identify which company inputs could delay it.
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Fees and continuing obligations
Request written commercial terms covering the initial rating work, surveillance, additional instruments or subsidiaries, publication and any cancellation or confidentiality arrangements. Available agency materials do not establish comparable prices or a cost ranking. Compare quotes for identical scope and duration, and ask which activities would trigger additional charges rather than relying on a broad affordability claim.
A practical selection process
- Prepare a one-page brief. State the financing objective, instrument, issuer and subsidiary structure, target investor or lender group, destination markets, disclosure preference and desired timing. Include the countries where operations, assets and sources of value are located.
- Confirm that a rating serves the transaction. Ask target investors, lenders, arrangers and counsel which agencies, rating levels and disclosure formats they would use or require. If no intended user needs the product, reconsider the engagement before paying for or preparing one.
- Verify regulatory eligibility. For each jurisdiction and regulated use, check the current supervisor guidance or consult qualified local counsel. Confirm recognition of both the agency and the specific rating type; retain the date and basis of the confirmation.
- Match published criteria to the business. Ask each candidate to identify the applicable sector and instrument criteria and explain how they treat the debt structure, country exposure, asset locations and operating footprint. Compare the explanations rather than assuming that similar rating labels mean identical analysis.
- Request comparable written proposals. Use the same questions and scope for each proposal: rating product, public or private status, information requirements, management time, process, timing, surveillance, publication, confidentiality and commercial terms.
- Review governance and information protections. Examine conflict disclosures and independence procedures, then agree on authorized recipients and handling of non-public information under the contract and applicable law.
- Select for fit, not a promised grade. Weigh investor relevance, local eligibility, methodological fit, disclosure, execution burden and acceptable terms. Treat any assurance of a target rating outcome as inconsistent with the role of a rating as an agency’s analytical opinion.
Questions to resolve before signing
- Is the engagement for an issuer rating, an instrument rating, or a product that is not itself a rating?
- Who needs access to the result, and is public disclosure necessary or useful for the financing?
- Will the intended users accept this agency, scale and rating type for the transaction?
- Where will the rating be used for regulatory purposes, and has eligibility been checked in each jurisdiction?
- Which current sector and instrument criteria will apply, and how do they address the company’s international footprint?
- What information, management participation, committee steps and surveillance will the engagement require?
- What exactly do the written terms include, and how do they govern confidentiality, publication, additional work and cancellation?
Resolving these points before an appointment turns agency selection into a transaction-fit decision rather than a contest over brand recognition or a hoped-for rating grade.
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