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AI and tokenisation are changing parts of financial infrastructure, not replacing financial markets wholesale. AI is being applied to tasks such as fraud detection, compliance support and cyber-threat monitoring; tokenisation can represent money and assets on programmable platforms, where transfers, instructions and settlement may be coordinated. The potential is faster, more data-rich processing. Whether it delivers depends on legal rights, governance, settlement design, interoperability and operational resilience—and large-scale adoption is not yet established.
What do AI and tokenisation mean for financial infrastructure?
Tokenisation puts representations of assets on programmable platforms
The BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures describes tokenisation as generating and recording digital representations of traditional assets on a programmable platform. In financial infrastructure, those representations can cover money and securities, as well as transaction instructions and supporting information. A tokenised arrangement may handle parts of an asset’s lifecycle and provide platform-based intermediation.
A digital representation is not, by itself, proof of legal ownership or a guarantee of redemption, custody, settlement finality or regulatory responsibility. Those questions depend on the arrangement’s legal and governance design.
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AI is not one financial system or a substitute for institutional responsibility. Central-bank material describes applications including analysing transaction networks to detect fraud, supporting anti-money-laundering and know-your-customer work, assisting compliance, automating routine processes and detecting cyber threats. The value of these tools depends on access to suitable data, data quality, human oversight, accountability and controls.
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How could the combination change the way markets work?
Tokenised platforms could coordinate assets, information and settlement
In a conventional process, moving an asset, sharing the necessary information and completing payment can involve separate systems and steps. A tokenised platform could bring more of that activity together. The BIS has described an architectural possibility in which contingent actions combine assets, information, messaging and clearing into one atomic operation. In that design, the linked actions either complete together or do not, reducing the risk of a transaction being reversed after only part of it has occurred.
This is a possible design, not evidence that all markets can settle this way today. The result still depends on the platform, the legal arrangements and the asset used for settlement.
AI could monitor the workflow around the platform
AI could sit alongside tokenised infrastructure as a monitoring and decision-support layer: flagging unusual transaction patterns, helping staff work through compliance processes, or identifying operational anomalies and cyber threats. Sharing or combining data across institutions could help some detection tasks, but it raises questions about privacy, confidentiality, data quality and coordination. An AI alert is not a finding of wrongdoing, and an AI output does not remove the need for accountable institutional decisions.
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Can tokenised assets settle instantly?
Not automatically. Programmable platforms may support faster or more coordinated settlement, but a token transfer alone does not establish that payment is final, that the recipient can redeem the asset, or that the transaction is legally effective. Those outcomes depend on the settlement asset, platform rules, legal arrangements and how the system connects to other infrastructure.
Settlement may use central bank money, tokenised commercial bank money or stablecoins. These are different forms of settlement asset with different risk profiles and implications for payment safety and financial stability; they should not be treated as interchangeable simply because each can be represented digitally.
What evidence shows how far adoption has progressed?
The available indicators point to an early market, not a wholesale transformation. In its report published on 22 October 2024, the Financial Stability Board characterized tokenisation adoption as very low but apparently growing, based on limited publicly available data. The FSB did not give a quantified share of all financial assets. It assessed that tokenisation’s small scale at that time did not pose a material financial-stability risk, while warning that vulnerabilities could become more important as adoption and complexity grow.
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A narrower measure comes from the BIS Bulletin 107, published on 10 July 2025: it reported $8 billion in tokenised bond issuance to date. The bulletin also reported lower bid-ask spreads for those tokenised bonds than for conventional bonds, alongside comparable issuance costs. That comparison is bounded to the bulletin’s subject and date; it does not establish that every tokenised market has lower spreads or that tokenisation caused the difference.
These figures do not establish that AI and tokenisation are integrated at scale. A live deployment, a controlled pilot, an announced project and a projected benefit are different kinds of evidence. The Financial Stability Institute’s 2025 summary says many expected benefits remain unproven.
Where might the benefits come from—and what could limit them?
Potential gains are conditional
- Less reconciliation: More shared records and coordinated workflows could reduce the need to match information across separate processes.
- More coordinated processing: Programmable actions may link transfer and settlement, potentially enabling faster or more timely processing.
- Traceability: A platform’s recorded transactions may support clearer tracking, subject to the quality and governance of its records.
- Earlier operational signals: AI monitoring may help surface unusual activity or cyber threats for review, provided data and oversight are adequate.
These are design aims rather than guaranteed outcomes. The BIS Financial Stability Institute’s 2025 summary identifies operational complexity, liquidity pressure and regulatory uncertainty among the trade-offs, and says many benefits remain unproven.
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Legal rights and governance must be explicit
A sound design needs to specify what legal claim a token represents, which record is authoritative, who can intervene, and how errors and disputes are resolved. Programmability does not settle these questions. If the digital record and the legally recognized claim diverge, the platform needs a clear way to determine which governs and how users are protected.
Interoperability can preserve or undermine efficiency
Platforms must connect with legacy systems and, where relevant, with other platforms. If each system uses incompatible processes or records, fragmentation can erode the efficiency gains tokenisation is meant to offer. Conversely, strong network effects may concentrate activity and infrastructure, making governance and resilience especially important.
Liquidity and interconnectedness can change with speed
Faster or more continuous operation can alter when participants need liquidity and how quickly stress moves between institutions or markets. The FSB and BIS identify liquidity and maturity mismatch, leverage and interconnectedness as vulnerabilities to monitor as tokenisation grows. A design that improves transaction speed still needs to manage these financial risks.
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Operational resilience applies to both technologies
Tokenised systems can be exposed to smart-contract errors, private-key management failures, custody weaknesses, governance problems and the difficulty of correcting transactions recorded as immutable. AI adds risks involving data, models and cyber security. Controls need to address the whole operating arrangement—people, software, access, recovery and oversight—not just the token or model in isolation.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How should a tokenised financial service be evaluated?
For a bank, market participant or policymaker assessing a specific proposal, these questions help distinguish a credible operating model from a technology demonstration:
- Legal claim: What does each token represent, and which record is legally authoritative?
- Settlement: Is settlement in central bank money, tokenised commercial bank money or a stablecoin? What are the consequences if the settlement asset cannot be transferred or redeemed as expected?
- Finality and recourse: When is a transaction legally final, who can correct errors, and how are disputes handled?
- Governance: Who operates the platform, sets its rules and can intervene during an incident?
- Connections: How does it interoperate with legacy systems and other platforms, and where could fragmentation or concentration arise?
- Liquidity and exposure: Could continuous processing change participants’ funding needs, leverage or links to other institutions?
- Resilience: How are smart-contract, custody, key-management, data, model and cyber failures prevented, detected and recovered from?
- Evidence: Is the claimed result observed in a live deployment, a controlled pilot, an announced project or a projection?
What this shift means for financial markets
AI and tokenisation are best understood as changes to the operating layer of finance. AI can assist with monitoring and routine decisions; tokenised platforms can make assets, information and settlement more programmable. Together they may enable more integrated workflows, but they do not eliminate legal obligations, institutional accountability or the need for safe settlement. The Financial Stability Board’s 2024 report captures the balance: “Tokenisation has the potential to offer benefits to the financial system, such as increased efficiency and transparency, but it may also have financial stability implications.”
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