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Heat pumps normally use less delivered energy than gas boilers. A modern heat pump can provide roughly three to five units of heat for each unit of electricity, while a gas boiler delivers about 75–92% of the fuel energy as useful heat. That efficiency advantage does not automatically mean a lower bill: electricity may cost several times more per kilowatt-hour than gas. Your tariff ratio, seasonal performance, insulation, emitter size, controls and installation quality determine the financial result.
The short answer: heat pumps use less energy, but not always less money
A gas boiler burns fuel to create heat. A heat pump uses electricity to move heat from outdoor air, the ground or another heat source into the building. Because it moves existing heat rather than converting all its energy from combustion, a heat pump can produce more than one unit of heat for each unit of electricity consumed.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) describes current heat pumps as three to five times more energy efficient than gas boilers. Its 2024 modelling gives a more specific comparison: an air-source heat pump operating at 250% efficiency and a ground-source system at 320%, compared with 92% for a gas boiler. Those percentages are delivered heat divided by input energy; they are not annual bill savings.
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Energy efficiency and running cost are separate questions. If electricity is expensive relative to gas, a heat pump can use less energy but cost the same or more to operate. If electricity and gas prices are closer, or if the heat pump achieves a high seasonal performance factor (SPF), its lower energy use usually translates into lower bills.
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How the efficiency measurements work
Gas-boiler efficiency
A boiler’s efficiency is the share of chemical energy in the gas that becomes useful heat in the heating system. Combustion, flue gases and standby losses prevent a real boiler from reaching 100%. Energy Saving Trust guidance says a typical new gas boiler runs at around 85% efficiency, while an older boiler due for replacement averages closer to 75%. The IEA comparison uses 92% for a high-efficiency boiler.
For example, a boiler operating at 92% needs about 1.087 kWh of gas to deliver 1 kWh of heat (1 ÷ 0.92). A 75% boiler needs about 1.333 kWh of gas for the same delivered heat. Actual performance depends on return temperature, cycling, weather compensation, maintenance and the heat lost through distribution pipework.
Heat-pump COP
The coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio of heat delivered to electricity consumed at a particular test condition. A COP of 4 means 4 kWh of heat output for 1 kWh of electricity. The IEA gives around four as a typical household heat-pump COP, but COP changes continuously with outdoor temperature, water temperature and defrosting.
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A published COP is therefore not an annual guarantee. A system may achieve COP 4 during mild weather with low-temperature water and a lower value during a freezing spell or when a high-temperature radiator circuit is required.
SPF and SCOP for a whole season
The seasonal performance factor (SPF) averages useful heat output against electricity used over the heating season, including normal operating conditions and, depending on the boundary used, pumps, controls and auxiliary heating. SCOP (seasonal coefficient of performance) is the comparable seasonal metric used in many product standards. Use SPF or SCOP when comparing annual energy demand; use COP only for a specified operating point.
Energy Saving Trust cites a typical SPF of 3.1 for heat pumps and says good installations can exceed 4. Its 2024 monitored trial found average SPF values of 2.45 for air-source systems and 2.82 for ground-source systems. These monitored averages show why a brochure COP should not be treated as the performance of every installed system.
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What the headline numbers mean in practice
| System or metric | Figure | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Heat-pump efficiency range | Three to five times a gas boiler’s energy efficiency | IEA current-model analysis (2022); describes delivered-energy efficiency, not a guaranteed bill reduction. |
| Air-source heat pump | 250% modeled efficiency | IEA 2024 model; equivalent to 2.5 kWh of heat per kWh of electricity under its model assumptions. |
| Ground-source heat pump | 320% modeled efficiency | IEA 2024 model; equivalent to 3.2 kWh of heat per kWh of electricity under its model assumptions. |
| High-efficiency gas boiler | 92% | IEA 2024 comparison assumption; 1 kWh of heat requires about 1.087 kWh of gas before distribution losses. |
| Typical heat-pump SPF | 3.1 | Energy Saving Trust guidance (2026); seasonal average, not a single test-condition COP. |
| Monitored air-source SPF | 2.45 | Energy Saving Trust monitored trial (2024). |
| Monitored ground-source SPF | 2.82 | Energy Saving Trust monitored trial (2024). |
The gap between a nominal COP and a monitored SPF is not a contradiction. Seasonal operation includes cold weather, defrost cycles, circulation pumps, start-up and shutdown, domestic-hot-water production and periods when the system runs at a higher flow temperature.
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Compare the cost of one delivered kilowatt-hour of heat, rather than comparing the retail price of electricity with gas directly:
- Heat-pump heat cost = electricity price per kWh ÷ seasonal SPF.
- Boiler heat cost = gas price per kWh ÷ boiler efficiency.
This simple calculation excludes standing charges, maintenance, replacement costs and any time-of-use tariff effects, but it reveals the break-even point. With a gas boiler efficiency of 92% and a heat-pump SPF of 3.1, electricity can cost about 3.37 times as much as gas before the delivered-heat costs are equal (3.1 × 0.92 = 2.852; the exact break-even electricity-to-gas ratio is approximately 2.85). A less efficient boiler, a higher SPF or a cheaper electricity tariff shifts the balance toward the heat pump.
Illustrative tariff assumptions used by the IEA
| Country example | Electricity assumption | Gas assumption | Heat-pump heat at SPF 3.1 | Gas heat at 92% | Result under these assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | USD 0.31/kWh | USD 0.08/kWh | About USD 0.100/kWh heat | About USD 0.087/kWh heat | Gas is slightly cheaper per delivered kWh at these prices. |
| France | USD 0.25/kWh | USD 0.11/kWh | About USD 0.081/kWh heat | About USD 0.120/kWh heat | Heat pump is cheaper per delivered kWh. |
| Sweden | USD 0.23/kWh | USD 0.22/kWh | About USD 0.074/kWh heat | About USD 0.239/kWh heat | Heat pump is substantially cheaper per delivered kWh. |
These are the IEA chart’s assumed prices, not current universal tariffs or an annual-savings forecast. Your country, tariff, taxes, standing charges, seasonal prices and actual SPF can produce a different result. Obtain those inputs before accepting a quoted payback or savings figure.
Do heat pumps work in poorly insulated homes?
Yes, but poor insulation increases the heat loss, raises the required system capacity and can force a heat pump to run at higher water temperatures. The IEA says heat pumps work best in a well-insulated house because their heat output is lower temperature than that of a traditional boiler and they perform best with a consistent heat output and minimal losses.
Insulation is therefore valuable for comfort, equipment sizing and operating cost, but it is not an absolute prerequisite. In an IEA 2024 UK example, replacing a 92% gas boiler with a high-efficiency heat pump in an uninsulated solid-walled house still reduced heating energy use by 60–70%. The model does not mean every uninsulated home will achieve that result: climate, building shape, ventilation, emitter temperatures and controls remain decisive.
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What to improve before installation
- Seal obvious draughts while maintaining required ventilation.
- Improve loft or roof insulation and address accessible wall or floor insulation where appropriate.
- Check windows, doors and thermal bridges that create large local losses.
- Have the installer calculate heat loss room by room rather than applying a single rule-of-thumb size to the whole building.
If improvements are staged, the heat pump should be designed for the building’s credible post-improvement heat loss, with a documented plan for any work that will happen later. Oversizing for an imagined future renovation can reduce cycling and efficiency today.
Why real-world heat-pump performance varies
Outdoor temperature and defrosting
Air-source systems extract heat from outdoor air. As the air gets colder, the available heat and usually the COP fall. Moist, cold conditions can also trigger defrost cycles, during which the system temporarily uses energy to clear ice from the outdoor coil. Ground-source systems generally see a steadier source temperature, but they require suitable ground-loop design.
Flow temperature and radiator size
A heat pump is most efficient when it supplies water at a relatively low temperature. Small radiators designed for a high-temperature boiler circuit may not release enough heat at that lower temperature, prompting the installer to raise the flow temperature and reducing SPF. Larger radiators, underfloor heating or fan-assisted emitters can deliver the same room heat at lower water temperatures.
Controls and operating pattern
Heat pumps are commonly designed to run steadily, modulating output to match the building rather than making rapid, high-temperature bursts. Weather compensation, correctly configured thermostats, balanced circuits and properly timed domestic-hot-water heating help maintain efficiency. Frequent manual overrides, aggressive night setbacks or poorly tuned buffer tanks can increase energy use.
Auxiliary and immersion heaters
Many systems include an electric resistance heater for extreme conditions, commissioning, legionella protection or backup. Resistance heat has an effective COP of 1, so extended use can sharply reduce the seasonal SPF and increase bills. Ask how often the backup is expected to operate, what activates it and how the control system reports its energy use.
Design and installation quality
Incorrect sizing, restricted airflow, poor pipe insulation, inadequate electrical supply, badly located outdoor units and incomplete commissioning can all reduce performance. A high specification on a product label cannot compensate for a system that is hydraulically unbalanced or operated at unnecessarily high temperatures.
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Heat-loss and emitter requirements compared
| Requirement | Heat pump | Gas boiler |
|---|---|---|
| Heat source | Outdoor air or ground; electricity drives the compressor and fans or pumps. | Combustion of gas; flue removes combustion products. |
| Preferred operating temperature | Lower, steady flow temperature for best SPF. | Can deliver high flow temperatures, although condensing boilers are more efficient with lower return temperatures. |
| Emitter implications | May need larger radiators, underfloor heating or fan-assisted emitters; room-by-room checks are essential. | Existing high-temperature radiators are often usable, subject to boiler and system condition. |
| Heat-loss calculation | Critical for capacity, low-temperature operation and avoiding backup heat. | Still important for correct sizing, but traditional systems may mask oversizing through cycling. |
| Hot-water strategy | Often heats a cylinder periodically and may use an immersion element for high-temperature sanitation. | Can heat stored or instantaneous hot water at high temperature, depending on system type. |
Other differences that affect the decision
| Factor | Heat pump | Gas boiler |
|---|---|---|
| Upfront installation | Usually involves outdoor equipment, refrigerant or ground-loop work, electrical upgrades, cylinder changes and possible emitter modifications. A universal price is not established; obtain a site-specific quotation. | Often simpler where an existing gas connection, flue and wet-heating circuit can be reused, though replacement may still require pipework, flue or condensate work. |
| Maintenance | Requires checks of filters, airflow, fans, pumps, controls, refrigerant circuit and system water. Ground loops add buried components. | Requires combustion, flue, condensate and safety checks by a qualified professional, with servicing rules set by local law and manufacturer instructions. |
| Cooling | Many reversible systems can provide active cooling, subject to compatible emitters, condensation control and local design. | Provides heating only; separate cooling equipment is needed. |
| Carbon intensity | Operational emissions depend on the electricity-generation mix. Lower-carbon electricity improves the climate benefit; grid intensity varies by country and time. | Burns fossil gas on site and produces combustion emissions directly. |
| Fuel-price resilience | Uses electricity, so exposure shifts to electricity tariffs and grid charges. Solar generation, storage or a suitable time-of-use tariff may change the economics but do not eliminate seasonal demand. | Depends on gas supply and gas tariffs; it is not exposed to electricity prices for the main heat source. |
| Noise and space | Outdoor fan and compressor noise, plus indoor hydraulic equipment and often a hot-water cylinder; placement and clearances matter. | Compact boiler and flue arrangement, but combustion-air, flue-terminal and condensate requirements apply. |
How to compare the systems for your own home
- Collect actual energy data. Use at least one full year of gas and electricity consumption, separating cooking or other gas uses where possible. Note occupancy, indoor temperatures and any wood, oil or electric supplementary heating.
- Record your tariffs. Write down the unit price, standing charge, time-of-use periods, taxes and any export or solar arrangement. Do not use a national average when a supplier bill is available.
- Commission a room-by-room heat-loss calculation. Request the outside design temperature, ventilation assumptions and calculated peak load for every room.
- Check emitters at the proposed design flow temperature. Ask whether each radiator or underfloor circuit can meet its room load without relying on high-temperature operation or electric backup.
- Request a seasonal prediction. The quotation should state predicted SPF or SCOP, design flow temperature, expected auxiliary-heater use and the boundary of the calculation.
- Calculate delivered-heat costs. Divide your electricity price by the predicted SPF and your gas price by the boiler efficiency. Run the calculation for a conservative SPF as well as the headline estimate.
- Add non-energy costs. Include installation changes, electrical work, cylinder replacement, maintenance, service contracts, boiler removal and any planned insulation or radiator upgrades.
- Evaluate comfort and resilience. Decide whether steady low-temperature heating, cooling capability, outdoor-unit placement and dependence on electricity suit your household and local outage conditions.
- Compare qualified installers. Verify relevant licensing, refrigerant competence where required, commissioning procedures, warranty terms and who will support the system after installation.
Questions to put in a heat-pump quotation
- What is the room-by-room heat loss and the design outdoor temperature?
- What design flow temperature is used, and what output does each existing or proposed emitter provide at that temperature?
- What SPF or SCOP is predicted for this exact house, climate and hot-water schedule?
- How much electricity is allocated to pumps, controls, defrosting and immersion or backup heating?
- What control strategy is proposed: weather compensation, room sensors, thermostatic valves, buffer tank and hot-water scheduling?
- Will pipework, insulation, electrical capacity, drainage and outdoor clearances meet local code and the manufacturer’s requirements?
- What maintenance tasks are required, at what interval, and which parts are covered by the warranty?
- How will performance be monitored after commissioning, and what readings will demonstrate that the system is operating as designed?
The phrase “air source heat pump” on a retail marketplace is only a starting point for learning about equipment. It is not a substitute for professional heat-loss sizing, emitter design, electrical assessment, refrigerant work or code-compliant commissioning. Maintenance tools can help an owner observe filters, pressure or energy data, but installation and refrigerant servicing belong to qualified professionals.
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Comparing COP 4 with boiler efficiency as if both were annual values
COP 4 is a test-condition or operating-point result. Compare a seasonal SPF or SCOP with the boiler’s seasonal efficiency and include auxiliary electricity.
Assuming lower energy use guarantees lower bills
Apply the tariff equation to your own electricity-to-gas price ratio. The IEA’s UK, France and Sweden assumptions produce different outcomes even with the same heat-pump technology.
Keeping every radiator unchanged without checking output
Have each emitter assessed at the proposed low flow temperature. Replacing only the heat source while leaving an undersized radiator circuit can force high-temperature operation and erase much of the efficiency advantage.
Choosing by maximum output rather than design load
An oversized unit can cycle, operate inefficiently and cost more. An undersized unit may use resistance backup or fail to maintain comfort. The correct capacity follows the heat-loss calculation, not a room-count rule.
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Domestic-hot-water temperatures are higher than space-heating temperatures, so the heat pump’s COP is usually lower while charging the cylinder. Include the hot-water schedule and any immersion-heater operation in the SPF estimate.
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Using a boiler-style control strategy
Constantly switching a heat pump off and on or demanding rapid temperature recovery can increase flow temperature and reduce efficiency. Ask the installer to explain the intended weather-compensated or modulating operation and how occupants should adjust it.
Which system is likely to suit which situation?
A well-insulated home with suitable low-temperature emitters
This is the easiest setting for a high SPF. A heat pump can run steadily at low flow temperature, often making its energy advantage and any tariff advantage easier to realize.
An older home with high heat loss and small radiators
A heat pump can still work, but the project may require insulation, larger emitters, pipework changes or a design that accepts a higher flow temperature. Request a staged improvement plan and a conservative SPF estimate rather than assuming the best-case rating.
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The heat pump may still reduce delivered energy and carbon emissions, but operating-cost savings are uncertain. Use your actual tariffs, a realistic SPF and all standing or maintenance charges before deciding.
A home that also needs cooling
A reversible heat pump can provide heating and cooling from one main system, provided the indoor emitters and condensation controls are designed for both modes. A gas boiler cannot provide cooling by itself.
A property with no gas connection
The comparison is then between a heat pump and alternatives such as direct electric heating or another fuel. A heat pump’s ability to deliver several units of heat per unit of electricity generally makes it more efficient than resistance heaters, but the same installation and tariff checks still apply.
Bottom line
A heat pump is usually the lower-energy heating system: current IEA analysis places its delivered-energy efficiency at roughly three to five times that of a gas boiler, and a well-designed installation can achieve a seasonal SPF above 4. Real monitored systems have averaged 2.45 for air-source and 2.82 for ground-source heat pumps, so design and commissioning matter as much as the equipment label.
Whether it is cheaper depends on your electricity-to-gas price ratio, boiler efficiency, insulation, climate, flow temperature, controls and backup-heater use. Get a room-by-room heat-loss calculation, an emitter assessment and a documented SPF/SCOP prediction, then compare the cost of delivered heat using your own tariffs.
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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.
