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GhostBat is an Android remote-access trojan (RAT) distributed through fake Indian RTO, mParivahan and e-Challan messages. Recent reporting says the campaign targets 60 banking, UPI, wallet, fintech and payment applications. A counterfeit payment screen can capture a UPI PIN that a victim types, while SMS access can expose one-time passwords and device-verification codes.
What GhostBat is and why the 60-app expansion matters
Cyble Research and Intelligence Labs first documented the GhostBat campaign in October 2025. Its later reporting, covered by Cybersecurity News and The Cyber Express, says the malware is now associated with attacks against 60 Indian banking, UPI, wallet, fintech and payment packages.
More than 40 distinct Android samples were identified from September 2025 onward, according to Cyble’s analysis. The 60-app figure is a count of applications the newer research says GhostBat targets; it is not a victim count, infection rate or confirmed loss total. No credible figure for those measures has been published.
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Examples named in secondary coverage include Google Pay, MobiKwik, PhonePe, Paytm, BHIM, SBI UPI, Axis Pay, BharatPe, CRED, Freecharge, PayZapp, Groww, Navi, Jupiter, OneCard, JioFinance and Samsung Pay. The complete 60-package list was not made available in the sources reviewed, so presence in this example list does not prove that every version of an app was compromised.
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How the fake RTO and e-Challan delivery chain works
The campaign exploits a familiar government-service scenario: an unexpected message claims that the recipient has a traffic fine, needs an RTO document or must update an mParivahan application. On October 9, 2026, India’s CERT-In/CSIRT-Fin separately warned about Android campaigns impersonating RTO and e-Challan notifications.
- Message: An unsolicited WhatsApp or SMS message presents a traffic-fine, RTO or e-Challan explanation.
- Redirect: A shortened URL opens a spoofed government-service page or leads directly to an Android package (APK). Some distribution has used compromised websites and GitHub-hosted APK files.
- Installation: The package uses a dropper, packing and obfuscation techniques intended to make analysis and detection harder.
- Permission request: The newly installed app may request SMS access and, depending on the sample, other powerful capabilities. It can also show a fake update or ownership-verification prompt.
- Credential capture: A counterfeit payment page asks for a ₹1 verification payment and displays a UPI PIN field. A PIN entered there can be transmitted to attacker infrastructure.
- Message theft and registration: Banking-related SMS and incoming messages can be filtered, uploaded or forwarded, helping attackers obtain OTPs and device-verification codes. Samples have also registered infected devices through a Telegram bot associated with the GhostBat name.
Cyble describes the distribution plainly: “The malware spreads mainly through WhatsApp messages and SMS containing shortened URLs that appear as the RTO app, mParivahan, which redirect to GitHub-hosted APKs, and via compromised websites.” See the full Cyble analysis for the sample-level findings.
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Can GhostBat steal a UPI PIN?
It cannot read a PIN simply because an official UPI app is installed. The documented risk is a social-engineering screen made to look like a payment, app update or ownership check. If a victim types the PIN into that counterfeit screen, the malware can send the value to Firebase or other attacker-controlled infrastructure. A UPI PIN should be entered only inside the trusted payment flow initiated in the legitimate banking or UPI application—not on an RTO, traffic-fine or verification page.
SMS theft creates a separate risk. Filtering or forwarding banking messages can expose OTPs, login alerts and device-registration codes, allowing an attacker to attempt account access even when the victim never discloses a password.
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Which apps are reported as targets?
| Category | Examples named in coverage | What the evidence means |
|---|---|---|
| UPI and payment apps | Google Pay, PhonePe, Paytm, BHIM, SBI UPI, Axis Pay, BharatPe, Freecharge, PayZapp | These names appear in secondary reporting about the 60-package targeting set; the complete package list was not published in the reviewed sources. |
| Wallets, fintech and investing | MobiKwik, CRED, Groww, Navi, Jupiter, OneCard, JioFinance | Being named indicates an intended target or monitored package, not a confirmed compromise of the provider. |
| Other payment software | Samsung Pay | The campaign is described at the Android-package level; users should still verify the exact developer and package before installing any update. |
The reported target count comes from newer Cyble research summarized by Threadlinqs, Cybersecurity News and The Cyber Express. It does not establish that any named company distributed the malware or that its official store listing was altered.
Warning signs that an APK is unsafe
- The message arrives without you requesting a fine notice, document or app update.
- The link is shortened, uses an unfamiliar domain or sends you to a download outside the official app store.
- The page asks you to install an APK, enable installation from unknown sources or bypass a security warning.
- An app claiming to handle a traffic fine requests SMS, accessibility, notification-reading or device-control access unrelated to that task.
- A “₹1 verification,” ownership check or update screen asks for a UPI PIN.
Use the official app store, check the developer name and package details, and open government or banking services by typing a known address or using an existing trusted app rather than following an unsolicited message.
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What to do if you installed the fake mParivahan or e-Challan app
- Stop financial activity on that phone. Do not open banking or UPI apps there until the device has been assessed and cleaned.
- Disconnect the lure. Do not revisit the message or APK link, and avoid granting any additional permission. If possible, preserve the message and URL for investigators.
- Use a clean device to contact your bank. Ask the bank to review transactions, secure the account and advise on blocking or replacing payment credentials.
- Change exposed credentials and UPI PINs. Make the changes from a device you trust, not from the potentially infected phone.
- Check for unauthorized activity. Review bank statements, UPI mandates, new beneficiaries, login alerts and SMS forwarding or filtering behavior.
- Report suspected fraud. Use India’s official cybercrime reporting channels and provide the APK, message, phone number, transaction details and timestamps when available.
- Reset or professionally clean the phone if necessary. If suspicious permissions or behavior persist, back up only essential personal data and consider a factory reset or qualified incident-response assistance before restoring apps.
What is established—and what remains uncertain
Sample analysis supports GhostBat’s use of deceptive RTO-themed delivery, APK distribution, permission abuse, counterfeit UPI screens, SMS collection and attacker-controlled registration. The reports do not provide a verified number of victims, total financial losses or a complete list of all 60 packages. They also do not show that every message using an RTO or e-Challan theme is GhostBat; the theme is being reused by multiple Android malware campaigns.
The practical rule is straightforward: an unexpected traffic-fine message is not a reason to install an APK, grant SMS access or disclose a UPI PIN. Verify the notice through an official channel, and keep financial credentials inside the legitimate payment application.
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