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If an EPUB converter has pushed a footnote paragraph into the middle of a sentence or hidden the note inside a link, the intended repair is to keep the note in its own valid XHTML block and link to it with a note reference. For EPUB 3, accessibility guidance recommends using an aside for a note within the main narrative and identifying it with epub:type. The symptom alone does not show whether the source markup, conversion, or reading app caused the problem.
What the repaired EPUB 3 structure should look like
EPUB 3 content documents use XHTML with XML syntax, so paragraph boundaries, nesting, identifiers, and link targets matter. EPUB 3 also allows epub:type to express structural meaning in XHTML content documents. For a footnote in the main narrative, EPUB accessibility guidance recommends an aside and an explicit note type. The EPUB Structural Semantics Vocabulary uses noteref for a link referring to a note and footnote for an individual footnote. See the EPUB 3.3 specification, EPUB Accessibility Guidelines, and EPUB Structural Semantics Vocabulary.
<p id="ref-1">Sentence text with a note reference<a href="#note-1" epub:type="noteref">1</a>.</p>
<aside id="note-1" epub:type="footnote">
<p>Footnote text kept in its own paragraph.</p>
<p><a href="#ref-1" epub:type="backlink">Return to text</a></p>
</aside>This is a simplified example, not a verified fix for a particular book. Before adapting it, confirm the EPUB version, XHTML namespace declaration, unique IDs, and that each fragment link points to the intended target. Preserve existing IDs and return links where possible. The guidance says a note type must be identified using epub:type; it also describes backlinks as good practice for returning from notes to their locations in the text.
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How to find where the structure broke
A converter-specific diagnosis requires evidence from the actual source and output. The same symptom could involve source markup, conversion behavior, malformed XHTML, or the way a reading system displays otherwise meaningful markup.
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- Record the context. Note the converter and version, source format (such as DOCX or HTML), EPUB version, and reading app in which the issue appears.
- Compare the affected passage. Inspect the source document and the generated XHTML around the sentence and note. Check whether paragraph start and end tags remain in the right places and whether the note content is inside an anchor unintentionally.
- Check references and targets. Confirm that the note reference links to a unique note
id, that an anchor does not wrap more text than intended, and that any backlink points to the corresponding reference. - Check block structure and package validity. Make sure note text is inside a valid block element and the XHTML follows XML syntax. Validate the edited EPUB with an EPUB checker, then test it in the reading app where the problem was reported.
Choose a repair based on the evidence
- If the source already contains misplaced note text or unexpected links, correct the source and convert again; otherwise, you may be preserving the same problem through another conversion.
- If the source is structured correctly but the generated XHTML is not, investigate the conversion output and repair its paragraph boundaries, note block, IDs, and fragment links.
- If the XHTML has the intended structure but only one reading app presents it incorrectly, compare the same file in another reader before changing valid markup; presentation can differ between reading systems.
These are troubleshooting branches, not a confirmed diagnosis of the reported file. The available information does not identify the converter or establish what caused the result.
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