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Docker Compose is a practical way to run a complete self-hosted application stack on one VPS: the application, database, reverse proxy, and supporting services are defined as code and started together. A production setup is more than a development YAML file, however. It needs persistent volumes, private networks, restart and health policies, injected secrets, deliberate port bindings, HTTPS, backups, and a tested update path.
This guide shows a reusable Compose architecture and then applies it to WordPress, Ghost, and Nextcloud. The examples assume one Linux VPS and a current Docker Engine with the Compose plugin. Exact CPU, memory, storage, and dependency requirements must be taken from the application’s current support matrix because they vary with traffic, plugins, files, and database size.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchHow a Compose deployment on a VPS is arranged
Docker’s production guidance describes a single server as the easiest way to deploy an application because it resembles the development environment while keeping all services under one operational boundary. Compose supplies that boundary: one project file defines containers, networks, volumes, health checks, and secrets, and one command can recreate the stack.
A sensible VPS layout separates traffic-facing and internal responsibilities:
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- Reverse proxy: the only service normally bound to the VPS’s public HTTP and HTTPS ports. It terminates TLS and forwards requests to the application over the private Docker network.
- Application: the web or API service, attached to the front network and the private back network as needed.
- Database: attached only to the back network, with no published host port.
- Supporting services: Redis, background workers, search, or mail relays remain private unless a documented integration requires otherwise.
- Named volumes: hold uploads, configuration, certificates, and database files outside replaceable containers.
Running everything on one VPS is not the same as having high availability. A host failure, disk failure, or kernel update can affect every service, so off-host backups and a restore procedure are part of the design rather than optional extras.
Prepare the VPS before starting Compose
- Select a supported Linux distribution. Check the target applications’ support pages as well as Docker Engine and Compose-plugin compatibility. Apply security updates before exposing the host.
- Install Docker Engine and the Compose plugin using Docker’s current installation instructions for that distribution. Verify with
docker versionanddocker compose version. - Create a dedicated deployment directory owned by a non-root operational account, for example
/srv/my-app. Keep routine Compose commands under that account; reservesudofor host administration. - Configure SSH and the firewall. Restrict SSH to trusted source addresses where practical, use key authentication, and allow only SSH plus TCP 80 and 443 unless the proxy or application explicitly requires another port.
- Point DNS at the VPS. Create the required A or AAAA records and allow propagation before requesting certificates. Do not publish an application’s internal port merely to test DNS.
- Prepare storage. Leave headroom for database growth, uploaded files, image layers, logs, and temporary backups. Monitor the filesystem rather than waiting for Docker to fail writes.
- Set time and update policies. Accurate system time is important for TLS and scheduled jobs. Decide who receives security updates and how maintenance windows are communicated.
Use a predictable project layout
my-app/
compose.yaml
compose.production.yaml
.env.example
secrets/
db_password.txt
backups/
README.mdKeep the real .env file and everything under secrets/ out of version control. Give secret files restrictive permissions, such as owner read-only, and ensure the deployment account can read them without making them world-readable. Pin image tags after checking each application’s compatibility matrix; avoid silently following latest in production. Record the selected tags and upgrade notes in the README so a rollback is reproducible.
A reusable production-oriented Compose file
services:
app:
image: example/app:1.2
restart: unless-stopped
networks: [front, back]
environment:
DATABASE_HOST: db
DATABASE_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
secrets: [db_password]
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
volumes:
- app_data:/var/lib/example
db:
image: postgres:16
restart: unless-stopped
networks: [back]
environment:
POSTGRES_DB: app
POSTGRES_USER: app
POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
secrets: [db_password]
volumes:
- db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
healthcheck:
test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'pg_isready -U app -d app']
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
proxy:
image: caddy:2
ports:
- '80:80'
- '443:443'
networks: [front]
volumes:
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
volumes:
app_data:
db_data:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:
secrets:
db_password:
file: ./secrets/db_password.txt
networks:
front:
back:
internal: trueReplace the example image, data path, environment names, and probe with values from the target application’s documentation. The database password is read from a mounted secret rather than stored in the image or ordinary environment text. The _FILE convention works only when that image implements it; otherwise use the image’s documented secret mechanism.
Why the health check matters
depends_on with condition: service_healthy delays application creation until the database reports healthy. It does not run schema migrations, prove that credentials are correct, or guarantee that the application itself is ready for users. Keep application-level retry logic and migration steps where the vendor requires them.
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Why named volumes matter
A named volume stores state on the Docker host outside the container lifecycle. Recreating an image therefore does not remove database files or uploaded content. Volumes are still vulnerable to host loss, accidental deletion, and corruption, so they must be backed up independently.
Add a production override instead of editing the base file
services:
app:
ports: []
logging:
options:
max-size: '10m'
max-file: '3'
db:
ports: []The override removes accidental direct publication of application and database ports and limits local JSON-log growth. Keep development conveniences in compose.yaml and production-only behavior in compose.production.yaml; this makes local testing and review easier.
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- Render the merged file first:
docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml config. - Inspect the rendered output for image tags, interpolated values, mounts, networks, secrets, and every published port.
- Start or reconcile the stack:
docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml up -d. - Check state with
docker compose psand inspect recent output withdocker compose logs --tail=100 app. - When rebuilding one service, run
docker compose build webfollowed bydocker compose up --no-deps -d web, substituting the actual service name. Keep the previous image tag available until verification is complete.
HTTPS and the reverse-proxy boundary
Bind only the proxy to ports 80 and 443. Configure its virtual host for the real domain, certificate storage, and an upstream such as app:3000 on the front network. The exact upstream port and proxy syntax come from the application and proxy documentation. Persist the proxy’s certificate and configuration volumes so a container replacement does not discard them.
Applications must know that the original request was HTTPS. The proxy should pass the documented forwarded headers, and the application should be configured to trust that proxy rather than every possible source. Open direct application ports only when a documented protocol requires it, and then restrict the firewall or bind to a private interface.
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WordPress with MySQL
Docker publishes an official WordPress/MySQL Compose sample that is a useful starting point. For a VPS deployment, put MySQL on the back network, mount a named volume at the image’s database path, and expose WordPress only through the reverse proxy. Supply the database password through a secret file when the selected image supports the corresponding _FILE variable.
Production adjustments
- Use a supported MySQL image tag and match the WordPress image’s documented database requirements.
- Set the public site URL and HTTPS behavior consistently so WordPress does not generate HTTP links or redirect loops.
- Persist the WordPress content directory, including uploads, themes, and plugins, in a named volume or a deliberately managed bind mount.
- Add a MySQL health check and make the WordPress service wait for database health, while still allowing for initialization time.
- Test media uploads, permalink rewrites, scheduled cron events, plugin updates, and a complete database-and-files restore before calling the site production-ready.
Back up the database separately from the content volume. A file-only backup cannot reconstruct posts and settings, while a database dump alone omits uploaded media and installed extensions.
Ghost with MySQL 8 and forwarded HTTPS headers
The official Ghost image specifies MySQL 8, HTTPS, and a reverse proxy that sends X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Host, and X-Forwarded-Proto set to https for production. Use a MySQL 8 service on the private network, set Ghost’s url to the canonical HTTPS domain, and persist Ghost’s content volume.
Deployment checks
- Do not publish Ghost’s internal HTTP port directly to the internet; route it through the proxy.
- Confirm that the proxy preserves the host and scheme headers, otherwise admin URLs, redirects, and secure cookies can be wrong.
- Back up the content volume and MySQL database together so an article and its images remain consistent.
- After an upgrade, test the admin area, image uploads, member or newsletter features enabled in the installation, and canonical redirects.
Nextcloud behind a reverse proxy
Nextcloud’s basic container setup does not provide SSL and is intended to run behind a proxy. Keep the Nextcloud data volume and database persistent, and add Redis when the supported deployment method requires it for locking or caching.
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Proxy trust and validation
Configure trusted_proxies with the proxy’s private address or CIDR, not with an unrestricted value. This prevents clients from spoofing forwarded client information. Set the external HTTPS scheme as documented by the Nextcloud release you deploy.
- Verify WebDAV methods through the proxy, not only ordinary browser pages.
- Test uploads larger than the default web-server limit and align proxy, PHP, and application limits.
- Confirm background jobs run on schedule and do not depend on a browser request.
- Check that generated links use HTTPS and that the client IP shown in logs is the expected forwarded address.
Secrets, networks, and ports
Compose secrets are declared once and mounted only into services that need them, normally under /run/secrets/. They keep credentials out of image layers and reduce accidental exposure in environment listings. Rotate a secret by creating the replacement file, updating the service, and restarting only the services that consume it; test the new credential before deleting the old one when the application supports overlap.
Use an internal back network for databases and queues. A service does not need a host ports entry to be reachable by another container: Compose DNS resolves its service name, such as db. Prefer no ports entry for internal services. If host-side administration is necessary, bind a temporary port to loopback and remove it after the task.
Backups and restore drills
Back up both named volumes and logical database dumps to storage outside the VPS. A snapshot left on the same disk does not protect against disk loss, ransomware, or an operator deleting the project.
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Logical dumps
For the PostgreSQL service in the sample, a dump can be created with docker compose exec -T db pg_dump -U app app > backups/app-$(date +%F).sql. For a MySQL-based stack, use the image’s client and credentials, for example docker compose exec -T db mysqldump -u root -p app > backups/app-$(date +%F).sql; the command prompts for the password instead of putting it in shell history.
Restore test
- Provision a disposable project with the same image tags and an empty database volume.
- Restore the SQL dump and copy the application data volume into the expected path.
- Start the proxy and application with the production configuration.
- Check login, representative records, uploaded files, background jobs, and links generated with HTTPS.
- Record the elapsed time and any manual steps in the README, then remove the disposable environment.
Updates, rollback, and observability
Update one service at a time after reading its release notes and compatibility requirements. Take a fresh database dump, preserve the previous image tag, render the merged configuration, and deploy during a maintenance window. Watch docker compose ps, application logs, restart counts, certificate renewal, and disk usage. A restart policy can recover a crashed process, but it cannot fix a bad migration or an exhausted filesystem.
If a release fails, stop the affected service, restore the previous image tag, and restore the database backup when the migration is not backward-compatible. Do not roll back the container while leaving an incompatible database schema without a documented downgrade procedure.
Quick Recap
Comparison of the three common stacks
| Stack | Core dependency | Persistent state | Public exposure | HTTPS and proxy requirement | Readiness and upgrade focus | VPS sizing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | WordPress with MySQL | MySQL data plus WordPress content and uploads; dump the database and archive content | Proxy only; MySQL private | Use the site’s canonical HTTPS URL and prevent mixed-content or redirect errors | MySQL health check; test uploads, permalinks, cron, plugins, and restore | Not stated; depends on plugins, traffic, media, and database growth |
| Ghost | Ghost with MySQL 8 | MySQL data plus the Ghost content volume | Proxy only; Ghost and MySQL private | HTTPS plus X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Host, and X-Forwarded-Proto: https |
Verify admin, uploads, redirects, and compatibility after image or schema changes | Not stated; measure the workload and content growth |
| Nextcloud | Nextcloud database, with Redis where the supported deployment requires it | Nextcloud data volume plus database; include large files in backup planning | Proxy only; database and Redis private | Configure explicit trusted proxy addresses and preserve HTTPS scheme | Check WebDAV, large uploads, background jobs, locking, and generated URLs | Not stated; file volume and concurrent users are the controlling factors |
Common failures and their fixes
- Containers restart repeatedly: inspect
docker compose logs, then check missing secrets, unsupported image combinations, permissions, and database health rather than merely increasing restart attempts. - 502 or 504 from the proxy: verify the upstream service name and internal port, confirm both containers share the front network, and check application readiness.
- Redirect loops or HTTP links: configure the application’s canonical HTTPS URL and ensure the proxy forwards the documented host and scheme headers.
- Data disappears after recreation: inspect mounts with
docker compose configanddocker volume ls; confirm that state is in a named volume rather than the container’s writable layer. - Database is exposed: remove its
portsentry, keep it on the internal network, and review the rendered production configuration before restarting. - Uploads fail at larger sizes: align proxy, web server, runtime, and application limits, then test an upload through the public HTTPS path.
- Disk fills unexpectedly: review JSON logs, unused images, temporary backup files, and volume growth; retain only the backup generations your recovery policy requires.
Pre-launch checklist
- Confirm supported Linux, Docker Engine, Compose plugin, and application image tags.
- Review the merged output from
docker compose config; no database or internal application port should be public. - Verify secret-file permissions and ensure
.envandsecrets/are ignored by version control. - Confirm DNS, firewall rules, certificate storage, and forwarded-header settings.
- Start the stack and wait for health checks before enabling public traffic.
- Exercise login, uploads, scheduled work, proxy behavior, and application-specific protocols.
- Create an off-host backup and complete a restore drill using the pinned image tags.
- Document the upgrade, rollback, and emergency access procedures for the next operator.
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