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Data centers face a distinct set of physical and supply-chain security risks while they are being built. The facility is unfinished, access and monitoring systems may still be taking shape, and critical equipment passes through procurement, delivery, installation, and commissioning. Published standards and guidance identify the risks and controls to consider, but do not establish how often construction-stage attacks occur or rank their likelihood.
Why construction creates a distinct security window
A completed facility has established boundaries, operating procedures, and security systems. During construction, those protections are being designed, installed, tested, or handed between contractors and the operator. Workers, subcontractors, suppliers, and visitors may all need access, while equipment can be stored or handled before it is integrated into a controlled operating environment.
The exposure is not limited to unauthorized entry. It can include theft, tampering, counterfeit or unauthorized equipment, and malicious code or hardware introduced into products or systems. NIST’s supply-chain guidance addresses risks across organizational levels and lifecycle stages; its SP 800-161 Rev. 1 page records updates as of November 1, 2024. NIST SP 800-161 Rev. 1
These sources are standards and guidance, not an incident dataset. They support identifying exposures and planning controls, but they do not establish a frequency for construction-stage attacks or prove that any single measure prevents them.
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Address security in site and building decisions
Physical security begins before cameras, badges, or other systems are installed. Site selection and building design affect what must be protected and how. ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024, published in February 2024, covers site selection, environmental risks, site and building configuration, access, intrusion protection, fire protection, water-damage protection, and construction quality measures for buildings and structures accommodating data centers.
For a project, that means considering the location and its environmental exposure, the building’s configuration and access points, and how the design supports protection from intrusion, fire, and water damage. Construction quality is part of the picture too: security objectives depend on the building and its protective features being built as specified. See the official ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024 preview.
Design security systems around the spaces and risks
Building construction and security-system design are related, but they are separate parts of the ISO/IEC 22237 framework. Part 2 addresses building construction. Part 6 addresses physical security systems and protection from unauthorized access and intrusion, and refers constructional requirements to Part 2. ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024 was published in February 2024.
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A security plan should fit the spaces to be protected, the project’s defined protection level, and the effects that internal or external environmental events could have. The standard concerns an organized approach to physical protection; it is not a product endorsement or a tested comparison of particular devices. See ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024.
Control people, credentials, and site monitoring
Construction access is a process, not simply a badge reader at the gate. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3, published in May 2024, sets out access-control and monitoring controls in the specific context of protecting Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) in nonfederal systems and organizations. It is guidance to apply according to a project’s own obligations, not a universal construction regulation.
Useful operational practices include keeping an approved access list; authorizing people for the access they need; issuing, reviewing, and revoking credentials; monitoring entry and exit; retaining access logs; and escorting and controlling visitors. Assign responsibility for reviewing logs and responding to unusual activity: a record that nobody checks is not an effective response process.
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NIST gives guards, video surveillance equipment, and sensor devices as examples of monitoring. The guidance does not prescribe a particular device or system architecture. Choose measures by considering coverage and blind spots, temporary versus permanent use, power and network dependencies, credential revocation, log review, response procedures, and applicable privacy and jurisdictional requirements. No cited source establishes a tested product comparison. Read NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3.
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Equipment risk continues as products move from acquisition to delivery and integration. NIST identifies threats including unauthorized production, counterfeit products, tampering, theft, poor manufacturing or development practices, and insertion of malicious code or hardware. A plan should cover the relevant lifecycle stages rather than treating the delivery gate as the only point of concern.
For each shipment and device, the project team can establish who is authorized to receive it, what packaging and serial-number or provenance information to record, who may access it before installation, and how to verify that components and configuration match expectations. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3 discusses tamper-evident packaging and trusted or controlled distribution as possible acquisition techniques; which techniques fit depends on the project and its requirements.
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NIST SP 1800-34, published in December 2022, describes a practice-guide solution for validating whether internal components of acquired laptops and servers are genuine and untampered. It uses vendor-stored device information with commercial and open-source tools. This is a reference approach to device integrity, not a universal construction-site product or a guarantee against every supply-chain threat. See NIST SP 1800-34.
Keep commissioning and connected systems under control
Building-management and commissioning networks can connect equipment, software, firmware, and systems integration to the wider supply-chain picture. The cited guidance supports treating hardware, software, firmware, shipping and handling, development, and integration as relevant integrity concerns. For commissioning, keep access controlled, document configuration, and review the systems against the project’s security plan.
CISA’s industrial-control-system recommended-practices page points readers to ICS cybersecurity and remote-access guidance, but the evidence cited here does not establish a particular construction-stage incident or prescribe a specific implementation for a data-center project. Requirements for connected systems should therefore be set from the project’s architecture, obligations, and security plan rather than inferred from an incident claim.
Use the standards as references, not substitutes for local requirements
ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024 and ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024 are international standards published in February 2024, and the official ISO pages list them as paid publications. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3 has a CUI-protection context; it should not be described as a rule that automatically applies to every data-center construction project. Local building, fire, privacy, labor, and security requirements depend on the project’s jurisdiction and should be checked for that site.
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