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The most useful CSP for a compromised website is a restrictive, browser-enforced allow-list: deny resources by default, authorize scripts with per-response nonces or hashes, restrict outbound connections with connect-src, disable legacy objects, constrain form submissions and framing, and monitor violations before enforcement. A policy can limit what injected page content loads, executes, embeds, or contacts; it cannot repair the server compromise or remove malicious code from the application.
What CSP can limit after a compromise
Content Security Policy (CSP) is delivered primarily in the HTTP Content-Security-Policy response header. A browser evaluates that policy when it decides whether page content may load a script, style sheet, image, font, frame, plug-in object, or network connection, and whether a form may submit. If the destination or execution method is not authorized, the browser blocks it.
This matters after an intrusion because an attacker may be able to alter HTML, inject a script, or add content to an otherwise valid page. CSP does not make that content trustworthy. Instead, it reduces the capabilities available to it in visitors’ browsers. A strict policy can prevent an injected script from executing, stop it from calling an unapproved API, block a credential-stealing form submission, and prevent unwanted framing or plug-in loads.
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A restrictive starting policy
The following header is a practical baseline for an application that needs same-origin resources, selected inline scripts, same-origin forms and connections, data-URL images, and no plug-ins or frames. It is a starting pattern, not a copy-and-paste policy. Replace every allowance with the smallest set the application demonstrably needs, and generate the nonce anew for every response.
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'none'; frame-ancestors 'none'; form-action 'self'; script-src 'self' 'nonce-{per-request-random-value}'; style-src 'self'; img-src 'self' data:; font-src 'self'; connect-src 'self'; frame-src 'none'; report-to csp-endpoint; report-uri /csp-report- The nonce value must be unpredictable, unique to the response, and inserted only into the intentional inline script elements that need it.
- Do not add
'unsafe-inline'or'unsafe-eval'merely to make errors disappear. Use either only when a documented compatibility requirement leaves no practical alternative. - If the site uses a payment provider, analytics service, content delivery network, WebSocket service, external font, video frame, or other third-party dependency, add only its required origin and resource type after verifying the dependency.
Directive settings that reduce an attacker’s options
| Directive | Restrictive starting value | What it controls and when to adjust it |
|---|---|---|
default-src |
'self' |
Fallback for fetch directives that do not have their own setting. Keep it narrow, then override it only for a documented requirement. |
script-src |
'self' 'nonce-{per-request-random-value}' |
Controls script origins and inline execution. Same-origin external scripts and explicitly nonced inline scripts are allowed; unapproved injected scripts are not. Prefer nonces or hashes over broad inline allowances. |
connect-src |
'self' |
Limits fetch, XMLHttpRequest, WebSocket, and related connection destinations. This is the main CSP control for reducing unauthorized data-transmission paths. |
object-src |
'none' |
Disables legacy plug-in and object loads when the application has no need for them. Leave it at 'none' unless a specific object-based feature is required. |
base-uri |
'none' |
Prevents attacker-controlled <base> elements from changing how relative URLs resolve. If the application truly uses a base element, allow only the required origin instead. |
form-action |
'self' |
Restricts where forms can submit credentials or other data. Replace with a narrow list of verified destinations when a legitimate external form endpoint exists. |
frame-ancestors |
'none' |
Controls which origins may embed the page. Use a narrow allow-list for approved parent sites. This setting helps prevent clickjacking and is different from frame-src. |
frame-src |
'none' |
Controls frames that the page itself may load. Add only the origins required for an embedded service; it does not control who may embed your page. |
style-src |
'self' |
Allows same-origin style sheets. If inline styles are intentional, authorize them with a nonce or hash rather than opening all inline styles. |
img-src |
'self' data: |
Allows same-origin images and data URLs. Remove data: if the application does not need embedded images, because every extra scheme expands what content can be rendered. |
font-src |
'self' |
Allows same-origin fonts. Add a specific font origin only after confirming that the interface depends on it. |
report-to and report-uri |
report-to csp-endpoint; report-uri /csp-report |
Send violation reports to a controlled collector. report-to is the current mechanism used with a Reporting-Endpoints configuration; retain report-uri during a compatibility period when older browsers matter. |
Keep directives separate by resource type even when default-src would provide the same value. Explicit directives make reviews easier and prevent a future change to the fallback from silently widening a sensitive category.
Authorize scripts without reopening injection paths
Use a fresh nonce for intentional inline code
A nonce is a random token generated for one response and placed both in the policy and on the specific inline script element that is approved to run. It must be unpredictable and must not be reused across responses. Server-side rendering should insert the value into the header and the matching script tag at response time. Never put a fixed nonce in source control or derive it from a user identifier, timestamp, or other guessable value.
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Nonces authorize the inline blocks you intended; they do not authorize every inline block. Keep the nonce out of locations that untrusted page content can read and reuse, and ensure that templates cannot copy it onto attacker-controlled elements.
Use hashes for stable inline scripts
When an inline script is static and changes infrequently, a CSP hash can authorize that exact content. Any change to the bytes requires a new hash, so include hash maintenance in the build or deployment process. Do not combine a hash with a broad inline keyword simply to avoid updating it.
Avoid broad execution keywords
'unsafe-inline' allows the class of inline execution that CSP is meant to restrict, while 'unsafe-eval' permits string-to-code evaluation patterns. If a legacy library requires one, document the dependency, isolate it, and track a removal plan. A policy that works only by adding both keywords provides substantially less containment against injected code.
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Control where a compromised page can send data
Injected code often needs an outbound channel to be useful. Set connect-src explicitly and include every legitimate fetch, XHR, EventSource, and WebSocket destination. Do not assume that restricting scripts automatically restricts their network requests: connection destinations have their own directive.
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Pair outbound restrictions with form-action. A form submission is a navigation-style data transfer and is controlled separately from script connections. Set form-action 'self' unless a verified external destination is required, then list only that destination.
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Prevent unwanted embedding, navigation changes, and legacy content
base-uri 'none' blocks an injected <base> element from changing the target of relative links, forms, and resource references. This closes a subtle route in which otherwise relative URLs are redirected to an attacker-controlled location.
object-src 'none' removes plug-in and object loading from the page. Keep it even if the site currently has no visible plug-in feature; a later injected object should not gain that capability by default.
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Roll out CSP without breaking legitimate features
- Inventory actual dependencies. Record every script, API, WebSocket, frame, font, image scheme, style source, and form destination used by each important page type. Include login, checkout, administration, error, and logged-out pages rather than sampling only the home page.
- Deploy a report-only policy. Send the proposed rules in the
Content-Security-Policy-Report-Onlyresponse header. Browsers observe violations and generate reports but do not block the resources. The W3C specification describes this header as allowing servers to experiment by monitoring rather than enforcing a policy. MDN likewise advises testing with the report-only header before implementing an enforcing policy. - Collect reports at a controlled endpoint. Configure
report-towith aReporting-Endpointsentry and retainreport-uriwhile older-browser compatibility matters. Protect the collector from becoming an unauthenticated data sink, limit retention, and separate reports by environment so development noise does not hide production violations. - Classify every violation. Mark each report as an intentional dependency, a stale reference to remove, a browser or extension artifact, or a possible injection. Do not add every reported origin automatically; investigate why the request occurred and whether the feature still needs it.
- Replace inline exceptions. Add per-response nonces or stable hashes to intentional inline scripts and styles. Refactor code that depends on unrestricted inline execution or evaluation. Reduce third-party origins to the exact resource categories and hosts required.
- Test representative workflows. Exercise authentication, account changes, uploads, search, payments, administrative actions, embedded content, offline or degraded states, and real-time features. Check both the browser console and application telemetry for blocked resources.
- Enforce the reviewed policy. Switch to
Content-Security-Policyonly after the report-only data is understood. Keep reporting enabled so regressions and newly introduced dependencies remain visible.
Diagnose common rollout failures
An expected script is blocked
Use the browser’s CSP violation details to identify the directive, source, and page that triggered the block. Confirm whether the script is external or inline. For an external script, add only its verified origin to script-src. For inline code, prefer a nonce or hash and confirm that the server emits the same value on the element and in the response header. Do not solve the error with 'unsafe-inline' unless a documented compatibility constraint requires it.
API calls or WebSockets fail
Check connect-src, including scheme, host, port, and any separate WebSocket endpoint. A destination allowed under script-src, img-src, or default-src is not necessarily allowed for programmatic connections. Add the minimum required endpoint and retest the workflow.
Images, fonts, or frames disappear
Identify the resource category first, then adjust only its directive. Add an approved image host to img-src, a font host to font-src, or an embedded service to frame-src. If another site is trying to embed your page, review frame-ancestors instead; changing frame-src will not fix that relationship.
Forms stop submitting
Inspect form-action and the final destination after redirects. Keep credentials and sensitive data on the smallest verified destination list. If the form should be same-origin, return to form-action 'self' and remove an unnecessary external action from the application.
Reports are too noisy to use
Separate browser-extension and development traffic, group equivalent violations, and prioritize unexpected origins on authenticated pages. Remove dead dependencies before adding allowances. A larger allow-list may reduce report volume while weakening containment, so treat noise reduction as an application and telemetry problem rather than a reason to permit broad wildcards.
Compare CSP designs by containment, not header length
| Comparison axis | Stronger design | Weaker design and its cost |
|---|---|---|
| Default behavior | Deny-by-default with explicit fetch directives | Broad origins inherited from a permissive fallback |
| Script authorization | Per-response nonces or exact hashes | 'unsafe-inline', broad wildcards, or unrestricted evaluation |
| Outbound control | Narrow connect-src covering APIs and WebSockets |
Unrestricted or wildcard connections that give injected code exfiltration paths |
| Embedding and navigation | Explicit frame-ancestors, frame-src, form-action, and base-uri |
Leaving parent, child-frame, form, or relative-URL behavior to broad defaults |
| Legacy exposure | object-src 'none' |
Unnecessary plug-in or object loading |
| Operational readiness | Report-only testing, classified reports, then enforcement | Immediate enforcement without dependency inventory, causing outages |
| Compatibility cost | Documented, narrowly scoped exceptions | Permanent broad exceptions that are difficult to remove |
No authoritative percentage can be assigned to how much harm CSP prevents after a compromise. The available standards and documentation define directive behavior and rollout practice rather than a universal reduction figure. Judge the policy by the concrete capabilities it removes: unauthorized script execution, unapproved connections, data-submitting forms, unwanted frames, altered relative URLs, and legacy object loads.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- Send CSP as an HTTP response header and generate nonces per response.
- Keep
default-srcrestrictive and define sensitive fetch directives explicitly. - Use nonces or hashes for intentional inline code; avoid
'unsafe-inline'and'unsafe-eval'unless a recorded requirement exists. - Set
connect-srcandform-actionto narrow, verified destinations. - Use
object-src 'none'andbase-uri 'none'when the application does not need those capabilities. - Distinguish
frame-srcfromframe-ancestorsand configure both deliberately. - Run report-only first, classify violations, test critical workflows, then enforce.
- Keep reports enabled after enforcement and review new third-party dependencies before adding them.
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