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Best overall approach: run the four applications on a supported Linux server with Nginx (or Apache), PHP 8.3+, MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+, HTTPS, PHP OPcache, encrypted off-site backups, monitoring, and a written patch process. A single VPS is sensible for modest, well-monitored traffic; move the database, search, or file storage to separate tiers only when measurements show a capacity, reliability, or isolation problem.
The applications share a PHP/database foundation, but they should not share Unix accounts, PHP pools, database credentials, upload paths, or cache namespaces. That separation limits the damage from a compromised plugin or extension and makes upgrades and restores predictable.
The 2026 baseline that works for all four applications
Choose a currently supported Linux distribution and install a web server, PHP-FPM, and a supported relational database. The practical common target in 2026 is PHP 8.3 or newer with MariaDB 10.11 or newer, or MySQL 8.0 or newer. That target follows WordPress’s current host request and is also a safe planning floor for a mixed installation, provided the exact Moodle and MediaWiki releases and their required PHP extensions are checked before every upgrade.
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XenForo 2.3 accepts PHP 7.2 or newer and MySQL 5.7 or newer, with MariaDB and Percona-compatible servers supported; PHP 8.3 is the recommended choice in its 2026-07-21 release announcement. XenForo Enhanced Search requires Elasticsearch 7.2 or newer.
Moodle is primarily documented for Linux with Apache and PostgreSQL, MySQL, or MariaDB. Nginx and OpenLiteSpeed can also be used when the particular Moodle release’s requirements are met. Redis or memcached are available as cache back ends.
MediaWiki requires a web server, PHP, and a database. The current stable requirements specify PHP 8.3 or newer and recommend MariaDB or MySQL. APCu, ImageMagick or GD, shell access, and memcached apply to particular features or performance configurations rather than to every installation. MediaWiki’s installation requirements page lists 256 MB of RAM and 85 MB of storage as recommended minimums for a single-computer site, while explicitly warning that those figures are insufficient for a busy public site.
Check each application’s compatibility before installing
| Application | PHP and database floor in the cited requirements | Important optional dependency | Planning implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | PHP 8.3+; MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+; HTTPS; Apache or Nginx | OPcache, Redis, or memcached through supported integrations | Sets the practical common baseline for a new mixed server. |
| XenForo 2.3 | PHP 7.2+; MySQL 5.7+; MariaDB and Percona compatible; PHP 8.3 recommended | Elasticsearch 7.2+ for Enhanced Search | Do not install Elasticsearch unless Enhanced Search is enabled. |
| Moodle | Linux is primary; Apache with PostgreSQL, MySQL, or MariaDB is documented; Nginx/OpenLiteSpeed are possible when release requirements are met | Redis or memcached for caching | Verify the Moodle release, PHP extensions, cron, and database driver together. |
| MediaWiki | Current stable releases require PHP 8.3+; MariaDB/MySQL recommended | APCu, ImageMagick/GD, shell access, and memcached for relevant features | Large wikis need substantially more resources than the stated single-computer minimum. |
Release requirements change independently. Record the exact core, plugin, theme, extension, and PHP versions in staging, then test the upgrade there before touching production. A server that meets a core requirement can still fail because an add-on requires a different PHP extension or database feature.
Nginx or Apache: choose the operationally safer front end
Both are sound choices. Nginx is usually the most convenient shared front end for several virtual hosts: it handles TLS termination and static files efficiently and forwards dynamic requests to separate PHP-FPM pools. Apache is equally valid when existing rewrite rules, .htaccess files, or administrator experience reduce the chance of configuration mistakes. MediaWiki describes broad compatibility with major web servers and considers Nginx a good choice; WordPress describes Apache and Nginx as robust and featureful.
| Decision point | Nginx | Apache |
|---|---|---|
| Rewrite and per-directory rules | Rules are centralized in server configuration; there is no native .htaccess processing. |
Existing .htaccess and mod_rewrite setups are easier to retain. |
| Static assets and TLS | Strong fit for serving assets and terminating HTTPS for many virtual hosts. | Can perform the same roles, with configuration style varying by deployment. |
| PHP execution | Typically passes requests to PHP-FPM pools. | Can use PHP-FPM as well as other supported integration modes. |
| Best reason to select it | You want one predictable reverse-proxy-style configuration for multiple sites. | Your team relies on Apache modules, per-directory rules, or established runbooks. |
Do not select a web server because of a blanket speed claim. Correct TLS, rewrite, upload-size, timeout, and PHP-FPM settings matter more than the name on the process. Keep each site’s virtual host configuration, document root, logs, and PHP pool distinct.
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Can one VPS host all four sites?
Yes, for modest traffic and workloads, one adequately monitored VPS can host WordPress, XenForo, Moodle, and MediaWiki. The official application documents do not publish one universal production CPU or RAM size, so a responsible specification must come from observed concurrency, background jobs, database latency, upload volume, and search indexing rather than a fixed “four-site” number.
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| Architecture | Advantages | Costs and risks | Use it when |
|---|---|---|---|
| One shared VPS | Lowest operational complexity, low network latency between applications and database, one backup and monitoring target, and simple deployment. | A kernel, storage, database, or configuration failure can affect every site; noisy neighbors inside the VPS can consume shared CPU, memory, or I/O. | Traffic is modest, recovery objectives are compatible, and monitoring can detect contention early. |
| Web tier plus separate database | Database storage and tuning are isolated; database backups and replicas can be managed independently. | More networking, credentials, firewall rules, backup coordination, and possible latency. | Database CPU, memory, connections, or storage latency is the measured bottleneck. |
| Separate application or file tiers | Large uploads, search indexes, or a high-write site cannot as easily starve the others; failure blast radius is reduced. | More hosts to patch, monitor, secure, and restore; cross-tier incidents are harder to diagnose. | One application has materially different growth, availability, or storage requirements. |
Start with the simple design, but define thresholds for moving out. Examples include sustained PHP-FPM queueing, repeated database connection exhaustion, storage latency that delays requests, backup windows that exceed the recovery objective, or a forum search rebuild that makes the rest of the server unresponsive. Split one tier at a time and measure after each change.
Build isolation into the shared server
Use a separate Unix user for each application and run a separate PHP-FPM pool under that user. Give each site its own document root, upload directory, log files, environment secrets, and database account. Set database permissions to the minimum required for that application’s schema; do not reuse a global administrative account in configuration files.
Use distinct cache key prefixes or separate cache databases. A WordPress object cache must not evict Moodle sessions, and a compromised application should not be able to read another application’s cached objects. Keep uploads outside executable code paths where the application permits it, and disable script execution in directories intended only for media or attachments.
Use separate virtual hosts and certificates, redirect HTTP to HTTPS, and restrict administrative interfaces by strong authentication and, where practical, network controls. Store secrets in root-readable configuration or a secrets manager rather than in public repositories or shared shell history.
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- Prepare the operating system. Install a supported Linux release, enable time synchronization, create an administrative account with least privilege, configure a firewall, and apply current security updates.
- Install the database. Choose MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+ for the common 2026 target. Bind it to the required interfaces only, create one database and user per application, and use strong unique credentials.
- Install PHP-FPM. Deploy PHP 8.3 or newer and every extension required by the exact application release. Create four pools with separate Unix users, socket or port settings, process limits, and slow-request logging.
- Install the web server. Create one Nginx server block or Apache virtual host per site. Set the correct document root, PHP front-controller handling, upload limit, timeouts, static-file caching, and access/error logs. Test configuration before reload.
- Enable HTTPS. Issue certificates, redirect plain HTTP, and verify that application URL settings, cookies, and cron callbacks use HTTPS.
- Deploy applications in staging first. Install WordPress, XenForo, Moodle, and MediaWiki with their documented extensions. Confirm writable paths, scheduled tasks, mail delivery, uploads, and database migrations.
- Enable OPcache. Configure it for every PHP-FPM pool, monitor memory usage and hit rate, and restart pools deliberately after PHP or code deployments when invalidation is required.
- Move to production with a tested restore. Copy only validated data, run smoke tests for login, publishing, forum posting, course activity, file uploads, search, and background jobs, then record the rollback procedure.
Caching: OPcache first, Redis or memcached when justified
PHP OPcache is the baseline optimization because it avoids compiling the same PHP scripts on every request. Enable it for all four PHP pools and observe whether the configured memory is sufficient; an exhausted cache causes churn rather than a benefit.
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Redis and memcached are optional application integrations, not substitutes for correct database indexes or PHP limits. Use the cache method that the particular application and plugin or extension officially support. Give each application a separate database or key prefix, set memory and eviction policies deliberately, and monitor hit rate, evictions, connection failures, and stale-session behavior.
| Option | When it fits | Isolation and operations |
|---|---|---|
| OPcache | Nearly every PHP deployment; compile-code caching is the common first step. | Configured per PHP runtime or pool; watch memory and invalidation after deployments. |
| Redis | When WordPress, Moodle, MediaWiki, or a supported integration benefits from persistent object, session, or application caching. | Use separate logical databases or prefixes, authentication, network restrictions, and memory alerts. |
| Memcached | When an application explicitly supports it and simple volatile object caching is sufficient. | Treat it as disposable cache; isolate namespaces and never rely on it as the only copy of durable data. |
Do not add a cache layer merely because it is popular. A misconfigured persistent object cache can serve stale permissions or sessions, while an undersized cache can increase database load through constant eviction.
When XenForo needs Elasticsearch
Elasticsearch is specifically justified when XenForo Enhanced Search is installed. XenForo 2.3 requires Elasticsearch 7.2 or newer for that feature. Size the search service for the forum’s document count, analyzer configuration, index-rebuild workload, and concurrent searches; no universal memory number is established by the cited requirements.
Keep Elasticsearch off the default installation if XenForo’s built-in search meets the forum’s needs. It adds a separately patched service, its own data directory and backups, memory pressure, firewall rules, and an index-rebuild recovery plan. Monitor indexing duration and failures, and test a full rebuild in staging before changing analyzers or upgrading.
Storage, backups, and recovery are part of the server setup
Put the database on fast persistent storage. Keep operating-system files, database data, uploads, and search indexes logically separate, and move high-write uploads or database storage to another volume when I/O contention or backup size warrants it. Do not treat a VPS snapshot as the entire backup strategy.
- Back up every database and application upload directory on a schedule matched to the site’s recovery-point objective.
- Encrypt backups in transit and at rest, store copies off the server, and restrict restore credentials.
- Retain multiple restore points so a corrupted plugin update or accidental deletion is recoverable.
- Perform documented restore drills on an isolated host; verify that databases, uploads, configuration, certificates, and scheduled jobs all return.
- Measure backup duration and size. A backup that finishes after the next scheduled run is not a reliable schedule.
Document the order of restoration: database, application code, uploads, configuration and secrets, cache rebuild, search index rebuild, then DNS or traffic cutover. Record who can execute each step and where the current runbook is stored.
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Patch, security, and monitoring checklist
Keep the Linux kernel, web server, PHP, database, WordPress core, themes, plugins, XenForo, Moodle, MediaWiki, and their extensions on supported security releases. Use a staging copy to test PHP and database upgrades, then schedule production changes with a rollback and restore point.
Monitor each layer rather than relying on uptime checks alone:
- CPU saturation, load, memory pressure, swap activity, and file-descriptor use.
- Disk latency, free space, inode use, database volume growth, and backup storage.
- Database connections, slow queries, lock waits, replication status if used, and transaction errors.
- PHP-FPM active workers, queue length, max-children events, slow requests, and pool-specific failures.
- HTTP status rates, TLS certificate expiry, response time by virtual host, and upload or timeout errors.
- Application cron and queue failures, Moodle scheduled tasks, cache hit and eviction rates, and XenForo search indexing time.
- Restore-test results and alert delivery, not just whether a backup file exists.
Set alerts on trends and sustained thresholds, then retain enough logs to correlate a slow request with database, PHP, storage, or search activity. Avoid one global alert that hides which site’s pool or database is responsible.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How to size CPU and RAM without inventing a universal number
Begin with a measured baseline instead of a vendor-style “minimum server” claim. Capture peak concurrent requests, authenticated users, PHP worker memory, database working-set size, cron duration, upload throughput, and search-index growth for at least the busiest normal period. Repeat load tests in staging with representative WordPress pages, XenForo threads and searches, Moodle course activity, and MediaWiki edits and reads.
Reserve memory for the operating system, four PHP-FPM pools, the database buffer pool, filesystem cache, and any Redis, memcached, or Elasticsearch process. Set pool worker limits so the four applications cannot collectively overcommit RAM. If the kernel starts reclaiming aggressively or swapping during normal peaks, reduce concurrency or add memory before increasing PHP workers.
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CPU demand is driven by PHP concurrency, image processing, Moodle background tasks, database queries, and search indexing. Storage latency often determines perceived speed before average CPU does. Scale vertically while the sites are small, then separate the database, search, or file tier when monitoring demonstrates a repeatable bottleneck or when independent availability is worth the extra operational work.
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Common failure modes and fixes
HTTP 502 or exhausted PHP workers
Check the affected pool’s queue, active workers, max-children events, and slow log. Confirm the pool user can read code and write only to intended directories. Increase workers only after confirming available RAM; otherwise isolate the noisy application or add capacity.
Permalinks, forum routes, or wiki pages return 404
Verify the virtual host’s front-controller and rewrite rules. On Nginx, translate the application’s documented rewrite rules into the server block because .htaccess is not processed. On Apache, confirm the required rewrite module and directory override policy, then test configuration before reload.
Login loops or mixed-content warnings
Check that the HTTPS termination layer forwards the original scheme, that each application’s canonical URL is HTTPS, and that secure-cookie settings match the proxy arrangement. Clear only the affected cache namespace after correcting configuration.
Database connection errors or lock timeouts
Identify the application and pool generating connections, inspect connection limits and slow queries, and check storage latency. Do not simply raise the global connection limit if RAM is already constrained; fix leaks, query plans, or worker overcommit first.
Stale pages or broken sessions after enabling a cache
Confirm the integration is supported by the application and that key prefixes or databases are unique. Flush only the affected namespace, then inspect evictions, TTLs, authentication, and network access. Never use a shared cache namespace for unrelated applications.
XenForo search fails after an upgrade
Check Elasticsearch version compatibility, cluster health, disk watermarks, credentials, and the indexer’s error log. Rebuild the index in staging first; schedule production rebuilds when forum activity is low and monitor resource usage.
Backups exist but cannot restore
Run a timed restore drill. Missing secrets, certificates, uploads, database users, or scheduled-task definitions are common causes. Update the runbook with every failed step and repeat until a clean isolated restore completes.
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- Choose the baseline: supported Linux, PHP 8.3+, MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+, HTTPS, and PHP-FPM.
- Choose the front end: Nginx for centralized multi-site configuration, or Apache when
.htaccesscompatibility and local expertise lower operational risk. - Start together: use one VPS only when traffic is modest and you can monitor and restore all four sites.
- Isolate identities: separate Unix users, pools, database accounts, upload paths, logs, and cache prefixes from the first deployment.
- Add services deliberately: OPcache by default; Redis or memcached for supported integrations; Elasticsearch only for XenForo Enhanced Search.
- Measure before splitting: move database, search, or file storage to separate tiers when observed contention, growth, recovery requirements, or failure blast radius justifies the added complexity.
This design gives the four applications a compatible common platform without pretending they have identical workloads. It keeps the first deployment manageable and leaves clear, evidence-based upgrade paths as usage grows.
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