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Bedrock and Trellis solve different parts of the same problem. Bedrock turns WordPress into a Composer-managed application that belongs in Git; Trellis provisions the Ubuntu server, configures its services, and deploys each Git revision as an atomic release. On a bare VPS, the combination gives you repeatable infrastructure, local/production parity, HTTPS, scripted deployments and rollback without surrendering control to a managed host. You still administer the server over SSH, and database schema changes require their own migration plan.
What Bedrock and Trellis each do
Think of the stack as two layers rather than one product. Bedrock is the application layer. Trellis is the infrastructure and delivery layer surrounding it.
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Bedrock: WordPress as a Composer application
Bedrock changes the conventional WordPress layout so dependencies are declared in composer.json and installed reproducibly. WordPress core is a Composer package instead of an unmanaged directory, while themes and plugins can be versioned with the rest of the project. Deployment therefore includes composer install from the Bedrock directory; omitting that step leaves a release without the dependencies it declares.
Trellis: servers, environments and deployments
Roots describes Trellis as a tool to create WordPress web servers and deploy WordPress sites. It uses Ansible to apply YAML-defined infrastructure, can create a local virtual machine with Lima, and can target supported cloud VPS providers or an existing stock server. Its deployment command builds a release, links persistent files, switches the live symlink and can roll back to an earlier release.
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The repository layout
A typical repository keeps the two layers beside each other:
| Path | Purpose |
|---|---|
trellis/ |
Ansible variables, server roles, environment settings and deployment configuration. |
site/ |
The Bedrock project, including composer.json, configuration and application code. |
site/web/app/ |
The content area for themes, plugins, uploads and related WordPress files. |
site/web/wp/ |
WordPress core installed and updated by Composer. |
Keeping infrastructure and application code in one Git project makes a server rebuild and an application release auditable. It does not mean secrets belong in Git; environment-specific credentials should remain in Trellis-protected variables or a separate secret-management process.
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Why run this stack on a VPS?
A VPS gives you root-level control over the operating system, PHP workers, web-server rules, caching and backup strategy. Trellis turns those choices into code, so a second server can be configured from the same definitions instead of by clicking through a hosting panel. Local development can use the same broad service assumptions as production, reducing surprises caused by a developer laptop running different PHP or database software.
- Reproducibility: Ansible and Composer record server and application dependencies.
- Portability: Trellis configuration can move between supported VPS providers and a compatible Ubuntu host.
- Controlled releases: Each deployment is a separate release directory, not an in-place overwrite.
- Operational ownership: You choose upgrades, backups, monitoring and network policy, but you are also responsible for them.
This is not a one-click managed WordPress service. Shared hosting and managed hosts are outside Trellis’s provisioning model, so the trade-off is flexibility in exchange for Linux administration.
Requirements before provisioning
Server and access requirements
Current Trellis remote-server guidance targets a bare Ubuntu 24.04 LTS server. “Bare” means a fresh, stock machine rather than an existing shared account or a managed WordPress instance. You need an SSH-reachable hostname or IP address, a public/private SSH key pair, and permission to run provisioning tasks with administrative privileges.
- Use Ubuntu 24.04 LTS for the documented remote workflow; do not assume another distribution has identical roles or package names.
- Register the server hostname in the target Trellis environment variables.
- Add the public SSH key used by operators and deployment automation.
- Plan to disable direct root login after confirming that a sudo-capable administrative account works.
- Have a domain’s DNS records ready if the site will obtain a Let’s Encrypt certificate.
- Put the project in a Git repository accessible to the deployment account.
What Trellis installs
The current Trellis product description lists an Ubuntu 24.04 stack with Nginx, PHP 8.3, MariaDB, Let’s Encrypt, Composer, WP-CLI, Memcached, Fail2ban and ferm. Redis and FastCGI micro-caching are optional features. Verify compatibility of your themes and plugins with PHP 8.3 before switching production.
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Choosing a VPS or a managed host
Trellis documents integrations for DigitalOcean and Hetzner Cloud. With a provider API token, trellis server create production can create and provision a supported server. You can also rent a VPS yourself and run provisioning against its hostname.
| Decision factor | VPS with Trellis | Managed WordPress hosting |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Full control of Ubuntu, Nginx, PHP, firewall and services. | Provider controls most of the operating system and service configuration. |
| Provisioning | Automated by Ansible after you supply a bare Ubuntu server or provider token. | Usually performed through the host’s dashboard or support team. |
| Deployments | Git-driven releases, hooks, atomic symlink switch and Trellis rollback. | Depends on the host’s deployment and staging tools. |
| Administration | You patch the OS, monitor capacity, test backups and respond to incidents. | The host handles more routine infrastructure work. |
| Portability | Configuration is code and can be moved to another compatible VPS. | Migration may depend on host-specific tooling and limits. |
| Database migrations | Still your responsibility; schema changes can require a planned maintenance window. | May have provider-specific migration assistance, but application compatibility remains yours. |
Roots documentation names a $20 Hetzner Cloud credit through a referral, but eligibility, geography and terms can change. Treat that as a time-sensitive promotion rather than a permanent cost assumption. A managed service such as Kinsta is a separate path when reducing server administration matters more than controlling the stack.
Provisioning a production server
There are two supported patterns: let Trellis create a server through a provider integration, or point it at a server you already created.
Pattern 1: create through a provider API
- Create an API token with the minimum provider permissions needed to create a VPS, and make it available to Trellis as documented for that provider.
- From the repository root, run
trellis server create production. - Review the selected region, size and operating-system image before confirming; the command creates a billable resource.
- Wait for the command to finish provisioning, then record the server IP and DNS target.
Pattern 2: use an existing Ubuntu VPS
- Install a fresh Ubuntu 24.04 LTS image with your provider.
- Copy the site’s Trellis configuration into the target environment and set its hostname.
- Add the public SSH key for the account that will administer and deploy the server.
- From the repository root, run
trellis provision production. - Read the Ansible output for failed tasks before attempting a second run. Provisioning is designed to be repeatable, so correcting the variable or server condition and rerunning is normally safer than manually editing installed files.
Provisioning configures the operating system and services; it does not install WordPress content or import your database. Keep those tasks separate so a failed application deployment does not leave you guessing whether the server or the site is broken.
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Trellis can create an optional Lima virtual machine for local development. The VM is useful when the team wants a Linux-based environment with service versions close to production. You can also develop on an existing local Linux, macOS or Windows workflow, provided Composer, PHP and the database assumptions match the project.
- Clone the repository and install the Bedrock dependencies from the
sitedirectory withcomposer install. - Copy the appropriate environment configuration template and supply local database credentials, salts and URLs without committing secrets.
- Start the local Trellis/Lima machine if your project uses one, then provision its development environment.
- Use the resulting local URL to complete WordPress installation or import a sanitized database dump.
- Commit code, Composer manifests and Trellis YAML; keep uploads, credentials and generated release files out of Git.
Local parity reduces configuration drift but does not eliminate it. Production traffic, disk latency, mail delivery and TLS termination still need production checks.
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How a Trellis deployment works
Configure the deployment target with the repository URL and branch, then run trellis deploy production. The documented pipeline has six stages:
| Stage | What happens |
|---|---|
| Initialize | Creates the release workspace and prepares deployment variables. |
| Update | Fetches the configured Git repository and branch. |
| Prepare | Sets permissions and performs release preparation tasks. |
| Build | Runs the build hook; by default this includes composer install in the Bedrock project. |
| Share | Links persistent files such as uploads and other shared directories into the new release. |
| Finalize | Checks the WordPress installation, changes the current symlink and reloads PHP-FPM. |
Hooks can run before or after these stages. Use them for tasks such as compiling front-end assets, clearing an application cache or running a health check. Keep hooks idempotent: a retry should not corrupt the release or duplicate data.
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Trellis prepares a complete new release beside the live one. At finalization, the current symlink changes to the new directory, so requests stop seeing a half-updated mixture of old and new files. Five previous releases are retained by default, and trellis rollback production can point the site back to a retained release.
This guarantee applies to the file release, not every change a plugin or migration might make to MariaDB. A plugin that changes table structure can still require a maintenance window or a custom expand-and-contract migration. Take a database backup, test the migration on a staging copy and decide how the application behaves while old and new code coexist.
First deployment: WordPress and the database
Trellis does not automatically install WordPress on a remote server. After the first deployment, the domain may show the standard WordPress installation screen. Choose one of these paths:
Import an existing site
- Export the source database and sanitize credentials or private content as appropriate.
- Create the production database and user in the provisioned environment.
- Import the dump and place uploads in the shared content directory expected by Bedrock.
- Update the environment’s site URL and database variables, then run a search-and-replace procedure that understands serialized WordPress data.
- Test login, permalinks, media, scheduled jobs and outbound email before switching DNS.
Start a new site
- Point DNS at the VPS and wait for the intended hostname to resolve.
- Open the site’s URL and complete the WordPress installer.
- Create an administrator account, set the site title and configure the required plugins.
- Capture a database backup and record the completed version in your deployment notes.
Do not treat a successful file deployment as proof that the database is ready. Application code, schema and content are three separate release concerns.
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One Trellis server or several?
A single Trellis instance can host multiple WordPress sites. The choice is primarily about shared operations versus isolation.
Use one shared instance when
- Sites can share the same Ubuntu, PHP and Nginx policy.
- The same team owns updates, SSH access, monitoring and incident response.
- Reducing VPS cost and maintaining one provisioning control point are priorities.
- A maintenance event affecting the server can be coordinated across all sites.
Use separate Trellis instances when
- Projects need different PHP versions, Nginx rules or caching behavior.
- Different teams or clients require separate access boundaries.
- One site’s traffic or risk profile should not compete for resources with another.
- You need independent providers, regions, maintenance schedules or recovery plans.
Separate instances improve isolation but duplicate variables, roles, monitoring and upgrade work. A shared server also remains a single failure domain, even when each site’s code repository is separate.
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Provisioning is the beginning of operations, not the end. Use SSH keys rather than passwords, restrict inbound ports with the configured firewall, and verify that Fail2ban is watching the services you expose. Confirm automatic security updates and define who reviews major PHP, MariaDB and Ubuntu upgrades.
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- Monitoring: Watch disk space, memory, PHP-FPM saturation, database health, certificate expiry and failed deploys.
- Secrets: Store salts, database passwords, API tokens and private keys outside the repository.
- Capacity: A low-cost VPS can run a small site, but traffic spikes, image processing and background jobs may exhaust CPU or memory before page views appear slow.
- Change control: Deploy from a reviewed branch, keep release notes and know which rollback command returns the previous code.
Optional Redis and FastCGI micro-caching can improve response times, but caching rules must be tested against logged-in users, carts, previews and personalized pages. Memcached or Redis does not replace database backups.
Common failure modes and fixes
Provisioning fails during SSH
Check DNS or the IP address, confirm the private key is available to your SSH client, and verify the provider’s firewall allows SSH from your administration network. Correct the Trellis hostname or key variable and rerun provisioning rather than modifying Ansible-managed files by hand.
The release is missing plugins or WordPress core
Inspect the build output for Composer errors. Ensure the deployment runs from the Bedrock directory and that composer.json and composer.lock are committed. A Git checkout alone is not a complete Bedrock release.
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The site shows the installer after deployment
This is expected when no production database has been imported or initialized. Either complete a fresh installation or create the database, import the existing dump and verify the environment variables.
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Rollback changes the code symlink; it does not reverse MariaDB schema changes. Restore a compatible database backup or run a tested reverse migration, then deploy code that matches that schema. For future releases, split destructive changes into separately reversible steps.
HTTPS or redirects behave incorrectly
Confirm the DNS record reaches the intended VPS, the hostname in Trellis matches the public domain and the certificate task completed. Check Nginx’s effective server block and application URL variables before adding manual redirect rules.
Is Bedrock and Trellis the right choice?
Choose this stack when your team is comfortable with Git, Composer, SSH and basic Linux operations, and when repeatable infrastructure matters. It is especially strong for agencies or owners managing several sites with consistent standards, because the same Ansible roles and deployment process can be reviewed and reused.
Choose managed hosting instead when you do not want responsibility for OS patching, firewall policy, capacity planning and recovery testing. You can still use Bedrock on a compatible managed platform, but Trellis cannot provision shared or managed hosts, so the hosting provider’s deployment model becomes the infrastructure layer.
The practical decision is therefore not “Bedrock versus Trellis.” Bedrock governs how the WordPress application is assembled; Trellis governs where and how that application runs. Used together on a bare Ubuntu 24.04 VPS, they provide a disciplined, portable workflow—provided you budget time for server care and treat database migrations as a separate operational project.
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