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A voice clone is not automatically cleared for every film use just because a performer recorded material for a production or agreed to a scan. Under SAG-AFTRA’s 2023 TV/Theatrical guidance, permission is generally tied to specific uses, and compensation may be due for replica use. California has separate protections for certain contracts and commercial uses of deceased performers’ replicas. Which rules apply depends on the performer, agreement, jurisdiction, and intended use.
What counts as a voice replica?
SAG-AFTRA’s 2023 TV/Theatrical guidance covers digital replicas of both voice and likeness, so its replica provisions apply to voice actors working under that agreement. The union distinguishes between two ways a replica may be made:
- Employment-based replica: created with the performer’s participation in connection with a particular project.
- Independently created replica: made outside a particular project, then potentially licensed for a project in which the performer is not physically working.
That distinction helps identify how the replica was created; it does not, by itself, establish permission for every later use. The SAG-AFTRA 2023 TV/Theatrical AI resources explain the terms for productions covered by those contracts.
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Can a studio clone an actor’s voice without permission?
For uses governed by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA TV/Theatrical agreement, the union FAQ says consent is generally required for each use, subject to limited exceptions. The answer is not a universal rule for every performer or production: the applicable contract, performer’s status, and governing law matter.
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Consent to create a scan or replica and consent to use it in a performance are distinct questions. Under the 2023 agreement’s guidance, a performer must consent to a scan and receive at least 48 hours’ notice before it, or notice at hiring if hiring occurs less than 48 hours before the scan. That notice requirement is specific to the agreement, not a general rule for all film work.
One use, multiple episodes, and changed uses
If a series producer seeks to use a replica across multiple episodes under the 2023 agreement, the FAQ says the producer must identify the episodes and give a reasonably specific description of the use in each. A use that changes beyond the agreed scope requires renewed consent; an initial authorization should not be treated as blanket approval for any future performance.
The California Assembly policy committee’s analysis of AB 2602 describes the 2023 agreement as generally requiring clear and conspicuous consent in a separate writing, with a reasonably specific description of intended use. That analysis discusses the union agreement; it is not a substitute for the applicable contract or legal advice. See the AB 2602 policy analysis.
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Does owning the recording mean the producer owns the voice clone?
Not necessarily. SAG-AFTRA says an employer legally owns materials created from a performer’s work on a motion picture, but under the negotiated 2023 terms it cannot use the performer’s digital replica without consent and, in most cases, further payments. Ownership of production materials and permission to create a new performance with a replica are separate issues.
The union’s broader position is that terms for digitally simulating performers to create new performances must be bargained with the union, and that use or reuse of recorded performances is governed by collectively bargained provisions that include consent and compensation. This describes SAG-AFTRA’s stated position; it does not establish terms for nonunion productions or every contract. Read its statement on AI and digital doubles.
What should a performer’s consent and compensation cover?
A useful agreement makes the authorized use understandable and bounded. Under the 2023 TV/Theatrical guidance, consent is use-specific, and compensation may be required for replica use. The details depend on the applicable agreement and negotiated terms; the sources do not establish a standard per-use rate for film voice clones.
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- Creation: What scan, recordings, or other source material may be used to make the replica?
- Purpose and scope: What performance, scene, project, or episode is authorized, and what limits apply?
- Reuse: Does permission cover later edits, additional episodes, sequels, promotional material, or other uses, or would those require new consent?
- Compensation: What payment is due for the authorized use or reuse, and when? Do not assume an initial fee covers future uses.
- Control and handling: What restrictions govern access to replica data, storage, licensing, and future use?
These are questions to resolve in the agreement, not a claim that every listed term is required by every applicable law or contract. Performers and producers should review the actual agreement with their union representative or qualified entertainment counsel.
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How do California’s protections differ?
California enacted AB 2602 and AB 1836 in 2024. The governor’s announcement summarizes two different protections; it is not a complete statement of statutory coverage or how a particular case will be decided.
| Measure | Subject | Summary in the governor’s announcement |
|---|---|---|
| AB 2602 | Contracts for a performer’s AI-generated voice or likeness replica | Contracts must specify the use, and the performer must be professionally represented in negotiations. |
| AB 1836 | Commercial use of replicas of deceased performers in covered media | Commercial use in films, television, video games, audiobooks, sound recordings, and other covered media requires prior consent from the performer’s estate. |
For the governor’s summaries, see California’s announcement on AB 2602 and AB 1836. The statutes and production facts determine precise application, including whether a particular contract or use is covered.
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What changes when the performer is deceased?
The 2023 TV/Theatrical FAQ concerns agreement terms for performers and should not be confused with California’s separate rule summarized for deceased performers. Under the governor’s description of AB 1836, prior estate consent is required for covered commercial uses of a deceased performer’s replica in listed media. That summary does not establish the law in other states or countries, or settle every question about a particular production.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What is known about the newer 2026 rules?
SAG-AFTRA reports that a distinct 2026 TV/Theatrical agreement was ratified in June 2026 and describes it as adding restrictions on synthetic use. The operative provisions and effective dates are not stated in the available union announcement, so do not assume the 2023 FAQ describes the newer agreement in full. Check SAG-AFTRA’s Artificial Intelligence page and the agreement text for current terms before relying on a specific rule.
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Do past voice-licensing deals set current film terms?
No. They can illustrate how consent and control have been structured, but their scope and status matter.
Replica Studios: historical agreement
SAG-AFTRA’s Replica Studios FAQ, updated September 24, 2025, says that specific contract is no longer in effect. It describes historical terms addressing data storage, transparency about intended use, informed consent, minimum compensation, and pension and health contributions. It also distinguishes an agreement for development and internal use from licensing for external use in video games. Those are features of the former arrangement, not terms currently available under that agreement. See the Replica Studios FAQ.
Narrativ: digital audio advertisements
In an August 14, 2024 announcement, SAG-AFTRA said Narrativ agreed to informed-consent, compensation, and individual-control requirements for licensing digital voice replicas for digital audio ads. That is an advertising example, not evidence of a film-production service or film replica terms. See SAG-AFTRA’s announcement about Narrativ.
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