Before an AI agent executes a tool call, its preflight should validate every input surface, normalize and constrain data, check the proposed action and its parameters, verify authorization for the exact action, and require bound approval for high-impact operations. If a required security check cannot be verified, the agent should not execute.
What belongs in an agent input preflight?
An agent’s inputs include more than a user’s message. Files, retrieved documents and web pages, emails, API parameters, memory, tool responses, and messages from other agents can all influence its behavior. Treat externally supplied and previously generated content as untrusted, including content that appears in a tool result or trusted-looking document. OWASP’s AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet recommends mapping these input and trust boundaries as part of layered agent security.
A useful preflight is a gate between the agent’s proposed action and execution. It should apply deterministic checks at that boundary; a well-formed model response, a prompt-injection detector’s result, or the model’s confidence does not establish that an action is safe or authorized.
Run checks in execution order
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Inventory every input surface
Identify all sources that can reach the agent or affect a tool call: user messages, API parameters, uploads, retrieved content, tool and MCP responses, memory, and peer-agent messages. Track where each item came from and whether it is trusted. OWASP’s Secure Agent Playbook prompt-injection testing guidance emphasizes mapping direct and indirect input surfaces.
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Validate and constrain the data
Check types, schema, permitted formats and patterns, size, length, and relevant encoding. Reject invalid or oversized input rather than silently truncating it, since truncation can change meaning or conceal malicious content. If the system accepts images or other non-text inputs, consider whether hidden instructions in those modalities need to be detected. OWASP’s AISVS input-validation controls cover normalization, length limits, instruction hierarchy, and hidden-content checks.
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Separate instructions from untrusted data
Preserve the instruction hierarchy and mark retrieved or user-supplied content as data rather than instructions. Screen for prompt injection, but do not make a detector—or a model instruction to ignore malicious text—the only defense. Enforce policy and action checks independently.
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Validate the proposed tool call
Before dispatch, verify the tool name, target resource, operation, and every argument against a strict schema and allowlist. Confirm that the call serves the user’s task and that retrieved content or a tool response has not redirected the agent to a different action. OWASP’s Cornucopia AAI8 guidance addresses validation at the tool boundary, alongside sandboxing, least privilege, and logging.
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Authorize the actor and exact action
Check whether the requesting actor may use that tool for that operation on that target. Keep this authorization check in the execution path and grant the agent only the capabilities needed for its task. A classification label or model confidence is not permission. As OWASP puts it: “This classification does not grant permission to run a tool; the execution component must still check the actor’s authorization and any required approval for the exact action.”
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Require bound approval for high-impact actions
Destructive, financial, administrative, or externally visible actions warrant additional controls. Bind approval to the actor, tool, target, and normalized parameters, and include a timestamp and expiry. Where appropriate, use short-lived authorization and replay protection. If authorization, required approval, policy lookup, or audit logging is unavailable, fail closed: do not execute.
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Constrain execution and preserve an audit trail
Run tools with least privilege and isolation. Limit filesystem, network, and credential access to what the action requires. Record the exact invocation and its outcome, and impose limits on retries, tokens, cost, and tool-chain depth to contain runaway activity.
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Test the gate against realistic abuse
Test prompt overrides, malicious retrieved content, unauthorized tools, privilege escalation, data exfiltration, memory poisoning, approval bypass, and recursive tool abuse. Repeat the tests before production and after material changes to prompts, tools, memory, retrieval, policies, or model providers. OWASP’s guidance supports layered controls and repeatable testing; it does not prescribe one universal vendor or implementation.
What should happen when a check fails?
Do not dispatch the tool call if a required input, policy, authorization, approval, or logging check fails or cannot be verified. Reject invalid input rather than quietly changing it. Where a safe alternative exists, the agent can ask the user to correct the input or obtain the required approval; it should not treat that response as permission until the relevant execution-time check succeeds.
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How to compare preflight implementations
Evaluate a design by whether it covers direct and indirect inputs, enforces checks deterministically rather than relying only on model detection, validates types and encoding, limits permissions, binds and expires approvals, isolates execution, and records auditable evidence. Also consider how false positives affect legitimate inputs. The appropriate implementation depends on the agent and its tools; the OWASP guidance does not establish a universal product or configuration.
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