Ecma International approved the 11th edition of the ECMAScript specification—ECMAScript 2020, or ES2020—on 16 June 2020. The update standardized features including optional chaining, nullish coalescing and BigInt. It defines language behavior; it is not a browser or runtime release. Read the ECMAScript 2020 specification and Ecma International’s approval notice.
What is ECMAScript 2020?
ECMAScript is the standardized language specification commonly associated with JavaScript. ECMA-262, 11th edition, sets out the language’s rules and built-in features; “ES2020” is the name commonly used for that 2020 edition. Its approval was a standards decision, not the launch of a particular version of a browser, JavaScript engine or development tool.
Ecma International says its 119th General Assembly approved the edition on 16 June 2020. The official ECMA-262, 11th edition, June 2020 PDF is another copy of the specification.
What did ES2020 add?
Optional chaining: stop a chain at a nullish value
The ?. operator short-circuits a property access or function call when the value being accessed or called is null or undefined. For example, user?.profile avoids continuing the access if user is nullish. It is not a general-purpose way to suppress errors: it does not make every invalid operation safe or treat all falsy values as absent.
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Nullish coalescing: use a fallback only for null or undefined
The ?? operator chooses its right-hand value only when the left-hand value is null or undefined. Values such as 0, false and '' are retained. That makes it distinct from a fallback based on general truthiness when those values are meaningful.
BigInt: integers beyond Number’s fixed precision
BigInt introduced arbitrary-precision integer values as a primitive separate from Number. The language does not implicitly convert between BigInt and Number, so code that needs to combine the two types must convert explicitly. This distinction matters when choosing a numeric representation and handling operations involving both types.
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Promises and regular-expression matches
Promise.allSettledwaits for all input promises to settle, including rejected ones, rather than short-circuiting when a promise rejects.String.prototype.matchAllreturns an iterator over matches produced by a global regular expression.
Modules and the global object
- Dynamic
import()enables asynchronous module loading with a dynamic specifier. import.metais an object populated by the host environment and available in modules; it may provide contextual information about a module.export * as ns from 'module'adds syntax for re-exporting a module’s exports under a namespace.globalThisprovides a standardized way to access the globalthisvalue.
More consistent for-in enumeration
ES2020 further standardized the order used by for-in enumeration. The specification describes this as increased standardization; it should not be read as a claim that every implementation behaves identically in every case beyond the rules it defines.
Does ES2020 mean these features work in every JavaScript environment?
No. A language specification defines expected behavior, but approval alone does not establish which browser, runtime, engine version or toolchain supports each feature. Check compatibility documentation for the specific environment and version you plan to use before relying on a feature.
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