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For a code-first Drizzle project that needs reviewable schema history, use drizzle-kit generate, inspect and commit the SQL files, then apply pending migrations once as part of deployment with drizzle-kit migrate or a coordinated external runner. Use drizzle-kit push when direct schema synchronization suits your deployment process; Drizzle documents selected production uses for it, so it is not universally off-limits. The right choice starts with deciding whether TypeScript or the database owns the schema.
First decide which system is the source of truth
Drizzle frames migration ownership as codebase-first or database-first. “Schema-first” is often used informally to mean that the TypeScript schema is authoritative; it is not a separate Drizzle command. Drizzle says the TypeScript schema can serve as the source of truth for queries and migrations, and Kit needs to import the exported models it will compare. Drizzle’s schema declaration guide explains the schema role, while its migration guide lays out the ownership options.
Codebase-first: TypeScript owns the schema
Define the tables and models in your codebase, then use Drizzle or another chosen process to bring the database into line. This is the natural fit when your team wants application code to be authoritative. From there, choose whether to generate versioned SQL files or synchronize the schema directly with push.
Database-first: the live database or external process owns it
If the database or an established external migration system is authoritative, apply changes through that system and use drizzle-kit pull to introspect the database into TypeScript. The operational responsibility is to keep the database, external migration history, and pulled schema representation aligned.
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How the four Drizzle Kit commands differ
| Workflow | Source of truth | What happens | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
drizzle-kit generate and migrate |
TypeScript schema, with versioned SQL files | Generate SQL from schema changes and prior snapshots, review and commit it, then apply pending files. | Creates a file-based history suitable for review and a separate deployment step; the release environment must include the files and suitable database credentials. |
drizzle-kit push |
TypeScript schema | Compare the schema with the live database, generate SQL, and apply it directly. | Avoids managing generated migration files, but does not provide the same committed generated-SQL review trail. |
drizzle-kit pull |
Database or external migration system | Introspect the database and write its schema representation into TypeScript. | Fits database-first ownership, but code and database alignment remains your responsibility. |
| Generate SQL and use an external runner | TypeScript schema plus SQL files | Generate migration SQL, then execute it with an external tool or directly against the database. | Keep the external executor coordinated with Drizzle’s migration-history conventions. |
When generated migrations are the better fit
For a conventional code-first production release where the SQL change should be visible before it reaches the database, generate migration files and review them. Drizzle describes generate as creating SQL migrations from the declared schema and subsequent changes. It reads the TypeScript schema, builds a JSON schema snapshot, compares it with the prior migration snapshot, and writes SQL and a snapshot to the configured output. You can also create a custom migration file for SQL changes or data work that needs manual authoring. See the official generate documentation.
Drizzle’s migrate documentation says the CLI reads migration SQL files, connects to the database, checks its migration log for applied entries, applies pending migrations, and records successful applications. The default log table is __drizzle_migrations; for PostgreSQL, the default schema is drizzle. Both are configurable.
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The documented file workflow makes review and release packaging possible, but it does not mean the SQL has been automatically validated for your rollout. Inspect the generated statements against the intended schema change and the database’s requirements; add a custom migration when the generated change alone does not express the work you need.
When direct push makes sense—and what it leaves out
drizzle-kit push builds a snapshot from the TypeScript schema, introspects the database, computes a diff, generates SQL, and applies it. Drizzle presents it as useful for rapid prototyping and also documents production scenarios, including blue/green deployments and serverless databases. Its push guide describes those use cases.
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The meaningful distinction is the workflow: push applies the generated SQL directly rather than giving you the same committed, generated-SQL review trail as generate-and-migrate. Choose it deliberately if that trade-off fits the way your team changes and deploys the database. Drizzle’s statement that it has seen teams use push in production is not a measured industry statistic; it supplies no defined sample or year.
A practical deployment sequence for generated migrations
- Configure the schema and migration connection. Keep the schema and Drizzle Kit configuration in the repository, with the SQL dialect, schema path, output directory, and credentials for the target database set appropriately. The exact values depend on your project and database.
- Generate and inspect the change. Run
drizzle-kit generateafter changing the schema. Review the resulting SQL, including any custom migration required for manual SQL or data work. - Commit the migration files with the application change. The migration command consumes SQL files, so make sure the release artifact or job can access the files it needs.
- Apply pending migrations as a controlled deployment action. Run
drizzle-kit migrateonce in an appropriate deployment job or resource, using credentials for the production database. Drizzle also permits applying generated SQL through its ORM migrator, external migration tools, or direct database execution; coordinate an external runner with the migration-history conventions you use. - Roll out application instances according to schema compatibility. The safe sequence depends on the change and the hosting environment. Drizzle describes deployment-time migration patterns, but does not prescribe one universal rollout sequence for every SvelteKit adapter.
The migration log helps the CLI distinguish applied migrations from pending ones. That behavior is not a guarantee that every database’s DDL is transactional or that all changes can be rolled back automatically; those properties depend on the database dialect and SQL statements.
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What SvelteKit does—and does not—settle
Drizzle’s documentation covers migration workflows and deployment-time execution patterns, not one universal recipe for every combination of SvelteKit adapter, driver, host, and database. Treat migration execution as a deployment responsibility rather than placing it in a request path simply because SvelteKit supports server-side code.
Before implementing the job, verify in the selected adapter and host’s current documentation where a one-time task can run, how the deployment artifact is packaged, and whether the runtime can access the migration SQL files. The runner needs the correct database dialect and credentials. Drizzle documents runtime and serverless custom-resource patterns, but those examples do not establish a single adapter-independent SvelteKit command. Its Railway private-database tutorial and Supabase tutorial are examples of particular database and connectivity contexts, not universal deployment instructions.
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Choose by operational ownership, not by a blanket production rule
- Choose generated migrations when you want SQL files available for inspection, version control, and a separate deployment step.
- Choose push when direct schema comparison and application fit your deliberate release process, including an applicable production pattern documented by Drizzle.
- Choose database-first and pull when an external system or the database itself is authoritative; maintain alignment between its changes and the TypeScript representation.
- Whichever path you choose, make the migration executor, database credentials, and deployed files part of the release design rather than assuming a SvelteKit adapter handles them automatically.
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