The Tool Desk
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eBPF can show what a Kubernetes workload did—such as which processes ran, files were accessed, or network connections were made. That evidence can help you design and review narrower controls, but it does not automatically produce a complete, safe set of Kubernetes permissions. Observe first, choose the right policy surface, then test any proposed control before enforcing it.
What eBPF observations can—and cannot—tell you
eBPF tools can collect activity from the Linux kernel, including process, file, and network events. Some also enrich those events with Kubernetes context, such as the pod or container involved. Tetragon describes Kubernetes-aware security observability and runtime enforcement; Inspektor Gadget collects and inspects data on Kubernetes clusters and Linux hosts, mapping kernel-level information to higher-level concepts such as pods and containers.
An event is evidence that a behavior occurred under the conditions and during the period observed. It is not proof that every necessary behavior was captured, nor that behavior absent from the sample is unnecessary. A workload may not have exercised an infrequent maintenance, recovery, upgrade, or scheduled path during the observation window.
Keep three stages distinct: observation collects evidence; policy design uses that evidence to propose a control; enforcement blocks or permits behavior. Tetragon documents both observability and runtime enforcement, but that does not establish a general-purpose generator that can safely infer Kubernetes permissions from arbitrary observations.
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Choose the control that matches the behavior
Kubernetes security includes separate policy surfaces. A network connection, Linux process or file event, Kubernetes API action, and pod security setting are different kinds of behavior; one should not be translated into another without a specific reason. The Kubernetes security documentation describes native mechanisms including NetworkPolicy and ValidatingAdmissionPolicy, as well as audit logging.
- Workload network traffic: Review whether a connection is required and whether a network control such as NetworkPolicy fits the goal.
- Kubernetes API access: Determine which API actions a service account needs. Kernel process or network observations alone do not establish those permissions.
- Admission rules: Use an admission-policy mechanism when the question is whether Kubernetes objects should be accepted under specified conditions.
- Runtime process, file, or system activity: Use observations to understand workload behavior and consider an appropriate runtime control; do not treat that evidence as a Kubernetes API permission list.
- Visibility into API activity: Audit logging records Kubernetes API activity; it is not itself a network or runtime enforcement rule.
A workflow for turning observations into reviewed controls
- State the policy question. Decide whether you are investigating process or file activity, workload connections, Kubernetes API actions, or another specific control. Name the workload and the behavior you want to allow or restrict.
- Select a suitably scoped observer. Tetragon documents Kubernetes-aware event observation and runtime enforcement, and its policy library includes observability examples for security-sensitive events, system activity, and networking. Inspektor Gadget provides eBPF-based collection and Kubernetes/container enrichment. Confirm that the chosen tool and its collection settings cover the question you are asking.
- Observe representative operation. Include normal use and relevant scheduled, failure, upgrade, and maintenance paths. Record the namespace and workload, observation window, conditions exercised, and events seen. A quiet period is not evidence that an unobserved path is unneeded.
- Check how filters are applied. Inspektor Gadget documents eBPF-side filtering for supported common fields, while some Kubernetes metadata filters—such as namespace, pod name, or selectors—may be performed in user space. Consult the gadget run documentation for the specific filter. A filter applied after events leave the kernel is not the same as restricting collection in the kernel.
- Write a proposed control and its rationale. Keep a review trail with the observed workload and time window, the behavior, the rule you propose, who owns it, and how confident you are. Mark assumptions and unobserved paths rather than silently treating them as safe to deny.
- Test before enforcement. Apply the proposal in a non-production environment, check for denials and application-health problems, and preserve a rollback path. These are operational safeguards; the cited tools do not claim to automate this end-to-end policy review.
- Review the observer’s own access. Assess its privileges, platform requirements, deployment configuration, and trustworthiness before installing it in a cluster.
Tool capabilities and operational constraints
| Tool | Documented role | Constraints to account for |
|---|---|---|
| Tetragon | Kubernetes-aware security observability and runtime enforcement using eBPF; its policy library includes observability examples. | The cited project pages establish capabilities, not a universal automatic generator of safe Kubernetes permissions or a benchmark against other tools. Check the current documentation for deployment and platform details. |
| Inspektor Gadget | Framework for collecting and inspecting eBPF data on Kubernetes clusters and Linux hosts, with enrichment that connects kernel data to Kubernetes and container concepts. | Its in-tree gadgets require Linux 5.10 or later with BTF enabled, while requirements vary by gadget and platform. Kubernetes installation creates RBAC objects and generally requires cluster-admin or equivalent rights. |
Inspektor Gadget’s requirements documentation describes kernel and feature dependencies. Its Kubernetes installation documentation explains that installation creates cluster-scoped and namespaced RBAC objects. The required grant generally means cluster-admin, or a role combining the tool’s permissions with rights to create those objects. The documentation describes the narrower role as auditable, not meaningfully less privileged.
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Include the monitoring agent in the threat model
An observability agent that can inspect activity across workloads may itself be a sensitive part of the cluster’s security boundary. Review who can install it, what permissions it receives, where it runs, how its configuration is managed, and how updates are handled. The CNCF’s June 3, 2026 report on Inspektor Gadget’s first independent security audit says the audit was coordinated by OSTIF, funded by CNCF, and carried out by Shielder; it reports that patches were available for every reported vulnerability. An audit is useful evidence, not a guarantee of safety or a substitute for reviewing the version and deployment you run.
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What a defensible result looks like
The output of observation should be a reviewable proposal, not an unexplained generated manifest. For each proposed control, connect the rule to the behavior observed, identify the workload and conditions covered, record uncertainties, and name an owner. Then test the rule against paths the observation may have missed before deciding whether to enforce it.
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This approach makes eBPF useful for least-privilege work without confusing visibility with proof. It can help reveal workload behavior; the control still needs to match the right Kubernetes security surface and survive testing.
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