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Stacked pull requests let you submit a connected change as a sequence of focused PRs: each branch builds on the branch below it, and each PR can be reviewed on its own. They are useful when later work depends on an earlier foundation but can be developed and reviewed before that foundation merges. The trade-off is branch upkeep: changes to a lower layer must flow upward, and merges depend on the repository’s CI and branch-protection rules.
How do stacked pull requests work?
A stack is a chain of dependent pull requests. The first branch starts from the base branch; each later branch starts from the branch immediately below it. Each PR should present a discrete, reviewable change, while higher layers include the lower layers’ changes in their branch history.
For example, a database change might be the first PR, an API change that uses it the second, and a UI change that calls the API the third. The API branch needs the database work, and the UI branch needs both earlier layers. GitHub’s guidance is that a dependency must be included in the same branch or a lower layer of the stack. GitHub Docs: About stacked pull requests
The value is incremental review: reviewers can focus on a smaller diff while the author continues work above it. Stacking does not make one large, inseparable change easier to review; if a layer needs extensive context from the rest of the stack to make sense, reconsider the split.
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When should you use a stack?
Use a stack when a larger change naturally divides into coherent steps and a later step genuinely depends on an earlier one. It can let development and review of ready layers proceed without waiting for lower PRs to merge.
- Good fit: a foundation followed by changes that use it, with a clear purpose and reviewable diff at each layer.
- Weak fit: changes that are not meaningfully dependent, or a split where no layer can be understood without reading the entire stack.
- Before starting: check that the branches will live in the same repository, as GitHub’s documented stacked-PR workflow requires, and confirm how your team’s CI and branch protections respond to rebases and pushes. GitHub Docs: Requirements
How do you create and maintain a stack?
- Choose the layers. Divide the change by coherent concerns or dependencies. Make each PR understandable as an independent change, rather than a fragment whose rationale only appears elsewhere. Graphite’s review guidance likewise recommends independent PRs and submitting ready work early. Graphite: How to review stacked PRs
- Build each branch on its dependency. Start the next branch from the branch containing the code it needs. Keep dependencies in the same layer or below it; do not put a prerequisite only in a higher branch.
- Open ready PRs promptly. Invite review of a layer once it is reviewable; later work can continue above it. Make the PR description clear about its place in the stack and what the reviewer should assess in that layer.
- Propagate lower-branch changes upward. If a lower branch receives commits, rebase the branches above it so they incorporate the update. GitHub documents both server-side cascading rebases and local stack operations with its
gh stackextension. Coordinate pushes with collaborators because rebasing changes branch history.
How do you review stacked PRs?
Review each layer as a focused change, using lower layers for dependency context when needed. If reviewing several layers, start closest to the base branch and proceed upward; a ready upper layer need not wait for every lower PR to merge before review. Request a different split if one layer is not independently understandable.
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When a reviewer requests a change on a middle layer, make the fix on the branch that owns that change, then update branches above it. GitHub’s documented CLI sequence is to check out the affected branch, commit the fix, run gh stack rebase, and push the updated stack with gh stack push. GitHub says this push uses --force-with-lease; the PRs above the changed layer reflect the update, and CI checks are triggered again. GitHub Docs: Reviewing stacked pull requests
How do you merge stacked pull requests?
GitHub’s stack merge flow can rebase and retarget the next unmerged PR after a lower PR merges. The documented guidance supports merging from the bottom upward, or selecting a point in the stack while still merging lower layers first. If the stack has become non-linear—for example, after a lower branch or the base branch changes—the merge interface can indicate that it needs rebasing before merge. GitHub Docs: Merging stacked pull requests
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After each merge, check that the remaining PRs target the intended branch and that their diffs still show the changes reviewers need to assess. Automatic retargeting and rebasing reduce manual work, but they do not replace checking the resulting stack and repository checks.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What tooling and repository rules should you check?
GitHub documents stacked-PR support through its website, GitHub CLI, GitHub Mobile, and programmatic interfaces. Its local workflow includes the gh stack commands. Graphite is a third-party option whose documentation describes creating, reordering, rebasing, syncing, and merging stacks. Choose based on team familiarity, repository policy, automation needs, and how the tool handles synchronization and review context—not on a presumption that one approach is universally better. Graphite: Stacked diffs
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Validate the actual repository settings before adopting a tool. GitHub identifies CI and branch-protection behavior as potential friction for stacks. Graphite specifically documents that GitHub’s “Dismiss stale pull request approvals when new commits are pushed” setting can prevent a stack from merging through Graphite’s UI. That is vendor-specific operational guidance, so confirm how the setting interacts with your repository’s current rules and chosen workflow. Graphite: GitHub branch protection
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- Do required checks run as expected when a lower branch is rebased and upper branches are pushed?
- Do new commits invalidate approvals, and what review is required afterward?
- Can the team safely coordinate rewritten branch history and force-with-lease pushes?
- Does the merge flow retarget and rebase remaining PRs the way the team expects?
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