The Tool Desk
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How voltage glitching works
A chip normally receives a stable supply voltage. Voltage glitching briefly perturbs that supply in an attempt to make the chip mis-handle an operation or enter an unexpected state. The findus overview describes the disturbance as lasting from nanoseconds to a few microseconds; this is a broad explanation, not a recommended setting for every target.
Whether a disturbance has an effect depends on the chip’s design and what it is doing at that moment. A pulse that is too early, too late, too short, or too long may do nothing or produce a different fault from the one being investigated. The goal of a research experiment is to control and observe those variables, not to assume that a particular pulse will work.
What PicoGlitcher does
PicoGlitcher combines Raspberry Pi Pico-based hardware with the findus fault-injection library. The official overview describes hardware using MOSFETs and level shifting, with support for generating glitches and triggering on edges or patterns in data transmission. See the findus documentation overview for the project’s explanation of the platform.
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The named PicoGlitcher voltage glitcher board is the central piece of hardware. An oscilloscope is a useful companion for observing the target and glitch signals; the official AirTag example uses one to monitor target and core rails while locating timing. Leads or probes may also be needed, depending on the board and target. Equipment requirements vary with the setup, so confirm connections and electrical limits in the documentation for the exact hardware revision and target before powering anything.
What the official examples demonstrate
The examples are demonstrations tied to particular targets and wiring, not a compatibility list or a promise of repeatable results on other devices.
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| Example | What it demonstrates | What not to infer |
|---|---|---|
| STM8 read-memory | A target-specific workflow for attempting fault injection during a memory-read operation. | It does not establish that another STM8 board, configuration, or chip will respond the same way. |
| AirTag-related setup | A setup involving an nRF52832, distinct voltage levels and signal connections, and oscilloscope monitoring of target and core rails. | Its connections and parameters are not transferable instructions for an unrelated board or device. |
Consult the official examples for target-specific details. Their warnings matter: incorrect connections can cause errors or hardware damage. Voltage levels, signal compatibility, and the point at which a glitch is injected must be checked for the particular target.
How an experiment is structured
The source guide’s basic sequence is to initialize findus, arm a glitch with delay and length parameters, and reset the target so the experiment is triggered. The wiring described includes connecting VTARGET to target power, connecting GLITCH to an appropriate point, and making reset or trigger connections as the setup requires. These names are not a substitute for a revision-specific pinout: follow the matching board instructions and target example for exact pins and safe voltages.
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- Verify the setup. Identify the target, its power topology and signal levels, and the PicoGlitcher revision. Match each connection to the corresponding official instructions before applying power.
- Initialize the software and arm a test. Use findus to configure a delay and pulse length. The appropriate values depend on the target and the operation under test; the documentation does not supply universal settings.
- Reset or trigger the target. Use the reset and trigger connections required by the example so the event being investigated occurs in a controlled sequence.
- Observe the response. Where the target exposes a suitable interface, read its response over a channel such as UART or SWD. Use measurement equipment to observe relevant signals and help determine where the glitch occurs.
- Classify and record results. Distinguish ordinary behavior, errors, and any unexpected response, then record the parameters and conditions. A response is meaningful only in the context of the wiring, target, and measurement setup.
How researchers search timing and pulse settings
A single attempt rarely answers whether a timing window exists. The documented examples scan ranges of delay and pulse length, observe the target’s response, classify it, and record each experiment. This is an iterative measurement problem: change parameters systematically, preserve the conditions, and use the observed response to decide what to test next.
Burst glitching extends the search by varying pulse count and spacing when the useful glitch position is unknown. More parameters can make the search broader, but they also make careful logging and interpretation more important. A result from one combination does not show that nearby settings—or a different target revision—will behave identically.
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Why board revision and wiring matter
PicoGlitcher revisions are not interchangeable setup references. The project overview notes that v2 changed GPIO pin assignments and added features. The official multiplexing documentation covers v2 and v3, and the examples describe multiplexing as a way to power a target on supported revisions. Check the multiplexing documentation and the instructions matching your board before copying a pin assignment or power arrangement.
- Confirm the board revision before wiring; a pin assignment shown for one revision may not apply to another.
- Check whether the target’s supply voltage and signal levels are compatible with the exact setup.
- Use target-specific instructions for VTARGET, GLITCH, reset, and trigger connections.
- Do not assume multiplexing or another feature is available on every revision.
- Stop if the connections or voltage limits are unclear; a wiring error can damage hardware.
What PicoGlitcher does not establish
The official examples show how the platform can be used in particular experiments; they do not establish universal target compatibility, a general success rate, or a guaranteed way to bypass security. The documentation does not provide a universal benchmark comparing targets or approaches. Treat any observed behavior as specific to the tested device and conditions, and keep the work within devices you own or have permission to test.
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