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Use a custom element in an SSR application by keeping ordinary page rendering on the server, moving registration and browser-only interaction into a small client boundary, and testing the element’s property and event contract with the exact React and framework versions you deploy. Next.js and React 19 make this practical, but React’s documented behavior is not automatically the behavior of every SSR framework.
What a web component contributes to an SSR app
A custom element is a browser-defined HTML tag. Its name must follow the custom-element naming rules, including a hyphen, and the browser learns its behavior when code calls CustomElementRegistry.define(). An autonomous element normally extends HTMLElement; it can observe selected attributes through observedAttributes and respond in attributeChangedCallback(). See MDN’s custom-elements guide.
SSR can emit the element’s tag and any useful light-DOM fallback before JavaScript loads. Registration, upgrades, DOM APIs, event listeners, and object-valued properties must wait for the browser. Avoid importing a module that touches window or document as an eager dependency of server-rendered code.
How do I use web components in Next.js?
Keep the page and data on the server
In the App Router, pages and layouts are Server Components by default. They can fetch data and stream the surrounding route HTML. Add a Client Component only where the custom element needs browser APIs, state, lifecycle code, or event handlers. Next.js documents this split in Server and Client Components.
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Place a narrow client boundary around the element
Mark the entry file with 'use client'. That directive defines the server-to-client boundary; files imported below it do not each need the directive. Props crossing the boundary must be serializable, so pass IDs, strings, numbers, booleans, or plain data and construct non-serializable values in the client component. See Next.js’s use client reference.
// app/products/page.tsx (Server Component)
import ProductViewer from './ProductViewer';
export default async function Page() {
const product = await getProduct();
return (
<main>
<h1>{product.name}</h1>
<ProductViewer productId={product.id} />
</main>
);
}
// app/products/ProductViewer.tsx (Client Component)
'use client';
import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
export default function ProductViewer({ productId }: { productId: string }) {
const ref = useRef<HTMLElement>(null);
useEffect(() => {
let active = true;
import('./product-viewer.js').then(() => {
if (active && ref.current) {
(ref.current as any).config = { productId };
}
});
return () => { active = false; };
}, [productId]);
return (
<product-viewer ref={ref} product-id={productId}>
<p>Loading product details…</p>
</product-viewer>
);
}
If the definition module can be evaluated more than once, guard registration with customElements.get('product-viewer') before calling define(). This follows the browser registry model and prevents a duplicate-definition exception.
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Can I use custom elements with server-side rendering?
Yes, but distinguish server-emitted markup from browser behavior. The server can output a custom tag, primitive attributes, and fallback children. It cannot run the element’s constructor against a real browser DOM or serialize arbitrary JavaScript objects into HTML. Registration and upgrade happen when the client loads the definition.
Preserve meaningful fallback content when the element supports it. Do not branch on browser globals during the initial render in a way that makes the server HTML and the browser’s first render differ.
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How do I pass props to a web component in React?
Use attributes for markup-visible primitive configuration
React describes attributes as string-valued data visible in markup. In React 19 server rendering, primitive props such as strings, numbers, and true are emitted as attributes; false and non-primitive values such as objects, symbols, and functions are omitted. This is the documented React 19 behavior in the React 19 release announcement.
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React distinguishes properties, which can hold arbitrary JavaScript values, from attributes, which carry strings. During client rendering, when a prop name matches a property on the custom-element instance, React assigns that property; otherwise it assigns an attribute. Therefore an object such as config should be assigned after the element exists, typically through a ref and effect, rather than expected in server HTML.
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useEffect(() => {
if (ref.current) {
(ref.current as any).config = { theme: 'dark', pageSize: 20 };
}
}, []);
Use the element library’s documented property names and types. Add TypeScript declarations or a small wrapper when your project needs compile-time checking; there is no single universal typing recipe for every custom-element library.
Wire the event the element actually emits
React’s DOM documentation shows custom events through an on-prefixed JSX prop, for example onsubmit for an event named submit. Use the exact event name emitted by your element and verify its payload contract. event.detail is common for CustomEvent, but it is not guaranteed unless the element documents it. See React DOM Components.
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<product-viewer
onproductselect={(event) => {
const detail = (event as CustomEvent<{ id: string }>).detail;
console.log(detail.id);
}}
/>Why does my custom element cause a hydration mismatch?
Hydration attaches behavior to prerendered HTML. Next.js warns when the browser’s initial render does not match that HTML; its guidance is collected in the hydration-error documentation.
Common causes
- A server branch and a browser branch emit different initial markup.
- The element reads
window, time, randomness, layout, or storage while rendering. - Client code renders content only after registration, while the server rendered upgraded-looking content.
- An object property is assumed to have been serialized, so the client’s first output differs.
Hydration-safe remedies
- Make the server and first browser render the same tag, attributes, and fallback children.
- Move browser API access, registration, and property assignment into an effect or another client-only lifecycle point.
- Keep a stable placeholder or light-DOM fallback until the definition is loaded.
- If a component genuinely cannot be prerendered, use an intentional client-only boundary. Next.js documents disabling prerendering for such a component as an option.
suppressHydrationWarning is only a narrow escape hatch for unavoidable text differences. Next.js notes that it applies one level deep and does not repair mismatched markup, so it is not a general custom-element integration strategy.
Which integration strategy fits?
| Strategy | Useful when | Important trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| SSR tag with primitive attributes | The element has meaningful initial HTML and string/number/boolean configuration. | Objects and functions are not represented in server markup. |
| Client-only rendering | The element cannot produce safe initial output or depends entirely on browser APIs. | Less useful HTML before JavaScript and a larger perceived loading gap. |
| Direct React JSX | React 19 and the element’s property/event names are well documented. | Behavior depends on the exact React version and renderer. |
| Small React wrapper | You need typed props, ref-based property assignment, event normalization, or a stable fallback. | More code, but the integration contract is explicit. |
| Global eager registration | The element is required on nearly every route and the module is SSR-safe. | Can increase client work and risks browser-global access during server evaluation. |
| Client-side or lazy registration | Only some routes use the element or its definition is browser-only. | The element remains unupgraded until the definition loads. |
What React 19 changes—and what it does not
React’s December 5, 2024 release announcement states: “React 19 adds full support for custom elements and passes all tests on Custom Elements Everywhere.” React 19’s documented SSR rules and client property assignment improve direct JSX usage, but they do not establish identical behavior for every SSR framework, renderer, or non-React stack.
With another React SSR framework, verify its React version, server renderer, hydration API, and custom-event handling. With a non-React framework, consult that framework’s custom-element integration rules. The general principles still apply: server code must not assume browser globals, and the first hydrated output must be consistent.
Quick Recap
Pre-deployment checklist
- The tag name contains a hyphen and is registered exactly once.
- The definition module is not evaluated on the server if it touches browser globals.
- Server-visible configuration uses attributes only where the element expects attributes.
- Object, array, function, and class-instance values are assigned as properties on the client.
- Event names and
event.detailshapes match the element’s documentation. - The server HTML and first browser render are identical, including fallback children.
- Tests run against the exact React, Next.js or other framework, renderer, and component-library versions used in production.
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