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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteNo reviewed 2025 dataset puts the United States first. The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) ranked Bulgaria first and the U.S. second among criminal URLs it actioned. INHOPE’s separate suspected and confirmed hosting distributions ranked the Netherlands first. These figures describe different kinds of records and are not a complete global census, so the answer depends on which dataset and measure you mean.
What country ranks first in the 2025 data?
It depends on the organization’s measure. IWF’s 2025 country table assigns the largest share of its actioned criminal URLs to Bulgaria. INHOPE’s 2025 distributions put the Netherlands first for both suspected and confirmed hosting records. Neither result supports the claim that the U.S. hosted more CSAM online than every other country.
IWF: Bulgaria leads actioned URLs
IWF found and actioned 310,437 criminal URLs during 2025. Its geographic table lists 87,959 URLs in Bulgaria (28%), 49,021 in the United States (16%), and 33,788 in the Netherlands (11%). IWF assigns location by server location, and the geographic breakdown excludes some reports that do not feature a URL. The organization states that “Europe continues to be the largest host of criminal URLs we action.” That statement refers to IWF’s actioned URLs, not every such item online. IWF 2025 Data & Insights Report: Geographic Insights
INHOPE: the Netherlands leads suspected and confirmed distributions
INHOPE recorded 4,781,125 suspected online records in 2025, of which 3,235,179 were confirmed illegal. In its suspected-hosting distribution, the Netherlands accounted for 43%, Romania 11%, and the U.S. 9%. In the confirmed-hosting distribution, the Netherlands accounted for 36%, Romania 14%, and the U.S. 11%. These are content URLs identified and exchanged through INHOPE member hotlines, rather than a count of all material on the internet. INHOPE 2025 Annual Report: Hosting and Distribution Patterns
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Why the figures do not produce one definitive global ranking
IWF and INHOPE do not count the same thing. Their totals reflect the records each network encounters, handles, and classifies—not an inventory of every CSAM image or video hosted worldwide. A country’s rank can therefore vary with the dataset, the reporting year, the coverage of participating organizations, and the definition used for an illegal or suspected record.
| Source and year | What it counts | Classification | Geographic measure | What the figures show |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IWF, 2025 | Criminal URLs found and actioned | URLs IWF actioned as criminal | Server location; some reports without a URL are excluded from the country breakdown | Bulgaria ranked first, followed by the U.S. and the Netherlands |
| INHOPE, 2025 | Content URLs identified and exchanged through member hotlines | Suspected records and confirmed-illegal records are reported separately | Hosting distribution in INHOPE’s hotline data | The Netherlands ranked first in both distributions |
| NCMEC CyberTipline, 2025 | Reports received | Reports and referrals, not a classification of all hosted content | Report-related upload origin is not the same as server location | 21.3 million reports; not a country-by-country hosting inventory |
Raw totals across these systems cannot be compared as if they shared a denominator. IWF counts actioned URLs; INHOPE reports records exchanged through hotlines, separating suspected from confirmed illegal records; and NCMEC counts reports. The organizations also differ in coverage and collection practices. INHOPE notes that national laws vary in how they define a child and CSAM. INHOPE 2025 Annual Report
Rank #2
Why NCMEC report totals do not show where content is hosted
NCMEC’s CyberTipline received 21.3 million reports in 2025. NCMEC says 77% involved uploads by users outside the United States, 9% were U.S.-based, and 14% had unknown origin. Those percentages describe report-related upload origin; they do not show the physical location of the servers hosting the material.
The CyberTipline is a reporting system that began in 1998 and receives reports from the public and electronic service providers. OECD describes NCMEC as a U.S.-based centralized system operating globally and notes that reporting suspected child sexual abuse content is mandatory for U.S.-based companies. This global reporting role helps explain why NCMEC’s report volume cannot establish which country hosts the most material. NCMEC CyberTipline Data · OECD, Transparency reporting on child sexual exploitation and abuse online 2025
NCMEC also cautions that its report figures are not measures of the prevalence of crime, the number of children affected, or the number of CSAM images and videos online. NCMEC United States: Data Insights
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How to read claims about CSAM hosting
- Check the unit. A URL, exchanged record, and report are different things.
- Check the classification. Suspected material and confirmed illegal content are not interchangeable.
- Check what “location” means. Server location, upload origin, and report routing answer different questions.
- Check the year and coverage. Rankings represent the reporting network and methods for that period, not a permanent or exhaustive global count.
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