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Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Use a for loop when you have values to visit; use a while loop when repetition depends on a condition. A for loop advances through an iterable, while a while loop checks its condition before each pass. Both use a colon and an indented body in Python.
How does a Python for loop work?
A for statement retrieves successive values from an iterable and runs its body once for each value. An iterable is an object that can supply values one at a time, such as a list or a string. The loop ends when there are no more values.
devices = ["laptop", "tablet", "phone"]
for device in devices:
print(device)Python assigns the next item to device on each pass: first "laptop", then "tablet", then "phone". The body runs once for each item, in the iterable’s order. When the list is exhausted, the loop finishes.
When you need the values themselves, iterate over them directly as in this example. Avoid making an index loop the default way to traverse a collection; use an index only when the position itself is needed.
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How does range() work in a for loop?
Use range() when the intended values are a progression of integers. Its stop value is excluded, so range(3) supplies 0, 1, and 2.
for number in range(3):
print(number)You can give range() a start and stop value. The sequence begins at the start and stops before the stop value:
for number in range(2, 5):
print(number) # 2, then 3, then 4range() returns a range object that supplies its values as needed; it does not first build a list containing every integer in the range.
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How does a Python while loop work?
A while statement checks a condition before each pass and repeats as long as that condition is true. Because the test happens first, its body can run zero times if the condition is false initially.
count = 0
while count < 3:
print(count)
count += 1Here, count starts at 0. The loop prints 0, increases the value to 1, and checks the condition again. It prints 1 and 2 in the next passes. After the final increment, count is 3; count < 3 is false, so the loop stops.
Should you use a for loop or a while loop?
Choose based on what determines the next pass, not on a claim that one kind of loop is always better. Either can model some of the same tasks, but one is usually clearer for the situation.
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| Question | for |
while |
|---|---|---|
| What supplies the next pass? | The next value from an iterable | A condition that is checked before each pass |
| How does it normally finish? | The iterable is exhausted | The condition becomes false |
| Typical task | Visit each item or each value in a numeric progression | Repeat until a state changes or a condition no longer holds |
For example, use for device in devices to handle each device in a list. Use while connected when a process should continue for as long as a connection remains active, updating or checking the relevant state in the body.
Why does a while loop run forever?
A while loop can continue indefinitely if nothing changes the condition in a way that makes it false. In the counting example, removing count += 1 leaves count at 0; count < 3 stays true on every check.
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Before running a while loop, identify what state the condition depends on and how the body changes that state. Check that the change can eventually make the condition false. If the loop waits for an external event, such as user input or a connection change, make sure the body actually reads or receives that event.
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How do break and continue change a loop?
break and continue let a loop take a different path from its normal next pass.
breakexits the innermost enclosing loop immediately.continueskips the rest of the current pass and moves to the next iteration; it does not exit the loop.
for number in range(5):
if number == 2:
continue
if number == 4:
break
print(number)This prints 0, 1, and 3. The pass for 2 is skipped, and the loop exits when number reaches 4.
What does else mean on a loop?
A loop’s optional else clause runs when the loop completes normally: when a for iterable is exhausted or a while condition becomes false. It does not run if break exits the loop.
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for number in range(3):
print(number)
else:
print("Loop completed normally")This else belongs to the loop, not to an if. It is useful when code should run only if the loop was not stopped early with break.
What should you avoid when looping over a collection?
Changing a collection while iterating over that same collection can make behavior hard to predict. For example, removing an item may shift later items into positions the iteration has already passed, so they can be skipped. Prefer iterating over a copy when appropriate, or build a new collection containing the items you want to keep.
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