The Tool Desk
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How in-file review comments work
The W3C Web Annotation Data Model describes an annotation as connected resources, typically a body and a target: the body is the comment, and the target identifies what it is about. A target can identify a whole resource or a particular part of it through a selector. For example, an HTML element with an ID can be targeted directly.
W3C’s 2017 Web Annotation Data Model Recommendation states: “An annotation is considered to be a set of connected resources, typically including a body and target, and conveys that the body is related to the target.”
Ways to represent annotations in HTML
W3C’s 2017 HTML embedding note describes JSON-LD, RDFa, and fragment identifiers as existing mechanisms that can express annotations in HTML. One approach is to place JSON-LD in a <script> element using the Web Annotation profile, with an annotation that refers to an element ID in the page. RDFa is another representation option discussed in the note.
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These are ways to encode the relationship between a comment and its target; they do not automatically add a review interface. Browsers do not necessarily render embedded annotations as comment bubbles, and HTML editors are not guaranteed to create or preserve them. The W3C note calls the approaches preliminary and does not specify interface behavior. A practical workflow therefore needs a tool or agreed process for adding, finding, changing, and retaining comments.
When a single-file approach is useful
- Personal notes: Keep annotations with a local copy of a page rather than depending on an annotation repository.
- Small-scale review: Send the modified HTML file, for example by email, so the document and comment data travel together.
- Collaborative authoring: An in-file format can avoid requiring a group to choose one central annotation repository. Different tools may still be able to view or interact with shared annotations, but that requires implementation support.
- Offline-first work: W3C describes a possible workflow where annotations are made locally, then extracted and published to a protocol-based store later.
Embedded comments versus a hosted annotation service
| Consideration | Comments embedded in an HTML file | Hosted service such as Hypothesis |
|---|---|---|
| Where annotation data travels | With the HTML file, when the chosen implementation stores it there. | Hypothesis describes collaborative annotation of online content; that does not establish that comments are contained in a standalone HTML file. |
| Need for a service or account | Not inherently required for exchanging the modified file, though authoring and viewing tools are still needed. | Uses a hosted service workflow; consult the service for its current account and access requirements. |
| Offline review | Can support local, offline-first annotation if the tools involved can read and write the embedded data. | Designed around online content and hosted collaboration. |
| Representation | W3C discusses JSON-LD, RDFa, and fragment identifiers as possible HTML embedding mechanisms. | Hypothesis says its technology is based on web standards; that is distinct from storing annotations in the HTML file. |
| Finding and discussing comments | Depends on the implementation’s interface and collaboration workflow. | Provided through the hosted collaboration workflow, subject to the service’s capabilities. |
Hypothesis is a relevant option when the priority is hosted collaboration on online content, rather than carrying comments inside a file. Its descriptions are vendor statements; its accessibility page attributes an external review to IDRC and specifies that the reviewed context included LMS-embedded use, while account setup interactions were outside those reviews: Hypothesis accessibility. This evidence does not establish accessibility for every workflow or interface.
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Limits to plan for before sharing
- Compatibility is not automatic. A standards-based data model does not guarantee every editor or viewer supports the same encoding or annotation features.
- The interface is separate from the data. Decide how reviewers will add, locate, edit, and preserve notes; the W3C embedding note does not prescribe those interactions.
- Target stability matters. If the referenced HTML element or passage changes, an annotation may no longer point to the intended text. Using stable IDs and testing comments after edits can reduce confusion.
- Sharing changes the file. The recipient needs the modified copy containing the annotations. A separate original will not acquire the notes merely because it has the same filename.
The W3C HTML document is a Working Group Note published in 2017, and W3C says this status can allow a document to be updated, replaced, or obsoleted. Treat it as guidance on possible embedding approaches, not a turnkey review product. PortableWeb is a separate draft format initiative, not the same thing as embedding annotation data in ordinary HTML: PortableWeb.
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